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      Revisión y experiencia en cinco casos de pericardiectomía extensa Translated title: Review and experience in five cases of extensive pericardiectomy

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: describir evolución de casos tratados por pericarditis constrictiva. Métodos: se presentan 5 casos tratados por orden cronológico por pericarditis constrictiva en los hospitales "Amalia Simoni" de Camagüey (4) y "Martín Chang Puga" de Nuevitas (1), en 5 años (2004-2008), cuya indicación quirúrgica principal fue la evidencia clínica de taponamiento cardiaco. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 49 años (rango 36-68), 4 pacientes del sexo masculino, en 4 el derrame fue serohemático y otro purulento. En un paciente apareció el corazón en coraza con calcificaciones. La etiología fue postraumática, infección aguda y metástasis pericárdica en un caso cada una. En 2 pacientes no se confirmó la tuberculosis pericárdica extrapulmonar, aunque pudo corresponderse. El acceso al tórax mayormente fue por toracotomía anterior izquierda, y el proceder fue la pericardiectomía extensa, previa punción pericárdica. De los 5 casos, 3 pacientes egresaron vivos y 2 fallecidos. Conclusiones: los pacientes con pericarditis constrictiva, derrame y signos de taponamiento cardiaco deben ser tratados con pericardiocentesis, y la pericardiectomía extensa, cuando esté indicada. Se considera una buena opción terapéutica.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: to describe the evolution of the cases treated by constrictive pericarditis. Methods: a retrospective study was performed in five cases treated by chronological order due to constrictive pericarditis in the hospitals "Amalia Simoni" of Camagüey province (4) and "Martin Chang Puga" of Nuevitas municipality (1) in 5 years (2004-2008) whose main surgical indication was the clinical evidence of cardiac tamponage. Results: mean age was of 49 years (range 36-68), four male patients in four of the leakage was serohematinic and another purulent type. In a patient there was a barrier heart with calcifications. Etiology was post-traumatic, acute infection and pericardial metastasis in a case each. In two patients extrapulmonary pericardial tuberculosis was not confirmed, although it could correspond. The thorax approach was mainly by left anterior thoracotomy and the procedure was an extensive pericardiectomy, previous pericardial puncture. From 5 cases, three patients were discharged alive and two dyed. Conclusions: patients presenting with constrictive pericarditis, leakage and signs of cardiac tamponage must to be treated with pericardiocentesis and the extensive pericardiectomy, when be prescribed. This is a good therapeutic option.

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          Most cited references50

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          Constrictive pericarditis, still a diagnostic challenge: comprehensive review of clinical management.

          The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis (CP) continues to be a challenge in the modern era. Understanding the pathophysiology and integrating the results of invasive and non-invasive techniques are important in the differential diagnosis of CP and e.g. restrictive cardiomyopathy. New echocardiographic techniques such as tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and 2D-speckle tracking, dual-source CT (computed tomographic imaging) and especially tagged cine-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with the analysis of phase contrast angiography sequences are promising novel approaches. Pericardiectomy in experienced centers with complete decortication (if technically feasible) is the treatment of choice for CP and it results in symptomatic relief in most patients. However, some patients may not benefit from pericardiectomy and this may be due to myocardial compliance abnormalities, myocardial atrophy after prolonged constriction, residual constriction or other myocardial processes. An important predictor of long-term outcome after pericardiectomy is the etiology of the pericardial disease. The overall mortality in the current literature is nearly 5-6%. Survival with post-surgical CP is worse than with idiopathic CP, but significantly better than with post-radiation CP.
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            Constrictive pericarditis.

            Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is characterized by scarring and loss of elasticity of the pericardium, resulting in external impedance of cardiac filling. In the developed world, CP is most frequently encountered as a consequence of previous cardiac surgery, thoracic irradiation, viral or idiopathic causes. Tuberculosis still remains a common cause of CP in the developing world, immigrants from underdeveloped nations, and immunosuppressed patients. Clinical signs and symptoms of right heart failure coupled with risk factors for pericardial disease should raise suspicion for CP. Echocardiographic evaluation and often cardiac catheterization are essential components of accurate diagnosis of CP. Enhanced interventricular dependence, with respiratory variation in the ventricular pressures, and ventricular discordance are the pathophysiologic hallmarks of CP. Imaging findings such as increased pericardial thickness or pericardial calcification on computed tomography can be supportive, but are not necessary for the diagnosis of CP. Pericardiectomy remains the most effective therapy for symptomatic CP.
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              Pericardial thickness measured with transesophageal echocardiography: feasibility and potential clinical usefulness.

              This study assessed the reliability of transesophageal echocardiographic measurements of pericardial thickness and the potential diagnostic usefulness of this technique. Transthoracic echocardiography cannot reliably detect thickened pericardium. The superior resolution achieved with transesophageal echocardiography should allow better pericardial definition. Pericardial thickness measured at 26 locations in 11 patients with constrictive pericarditis who underwent intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was compared with pericardial thickness measured with electron beam computed tomography. Intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were determined. Pericardial thickness was then measured in 21 normal subjects. With these values as a guide, two observers reviewed 37 transesophageal echocardiographic studies to determine whether echocardiographic measurement of pericardial thickness could be used to distinguish diseased from normal pericardium. The correlation between echocardiographic and computed tomographic measurements (r > or = 0.95, SE or = 3 mm on transesophageal echocardiography was 95% sensitive and 86% specific for the detection of thickened pericardium. Measurement of pericardial thickness with transesophageal echocardiography is reproducible and should be a valuable adjunct in assessing constrictive pericarditis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cir
                Revista Cubana de Cirugía
                Rev Cubana Cir
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-2945
                December 2011
                : 50
                : 4
                : 438-450
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario Amalia Simoni Cuba
                [2 ] Hospital Universitario Martín Chang Puga Cuba
                Article
                S0034-74932011000400004
                1d74d9fa-8492-4b27-9fb1-f14765e8126d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7493&lng=en
                Categories
                SURGERY

                Surgery
                chronic constrictive pericarditis,pericarditis,pericardial leakage,pericardiectomy,pericarditis constrictiva crónica,derrame pericárdico,pericardiectomía

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