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      Epidemiología de las cardiopatías congénitas en Bogotá, Colombia, entre 2001 y 2014: ¿mejoría en la vigilancia o aumento en la prevalencia? Translated title: Epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, from 2001 to 2014: Improved surveillance or increased prevalence?

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción. Las cardiopatías congénitas son alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del corazón, del sistema circulatorio y de los grandes vasos, que se desarrollan durante la embriogénesis cardiaca. A nivel mundial, dichos defectos son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población infantil. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas en Bogotá durante el periodo de 2001 a 2014 y evaluar la tendencia en el tiempo. Materiales y métodos. Se analizóla informaciónde 405.408 recién nacidos registrados en el Programa de Vigilancia y Seguimiento de Niños con Anomalías Congénitas de la Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá y se calculó la prevalencia de las cardiopatías congénitas mediante un registro diario de nacimientos y su evaluación clínica y paraclínica. Las cardiopatías se clasificaron en aisladas, complejas y asociadas. Se halló la prevalencia por año y se evaluó la mortalidad en las primeras horas de vida. Resultados. La prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas fue de 15,1 por cada 10.000 recién nacidos en todo el período, pero se evidenciaron valores por encima de 20 por 10.000 en los tresaños anteriores. Del total de recién nacidos evaluados, 46 % correspondió al sexo femenino, 53,16 % al sexo masculino y 0,33 % a sexo indeterminado. De los nacidos con malformaciones, 397 cardiopatías se clasificaron como aisladas, 142 se asociaron con otras malformaciones extracardiacas y 74 se consideraron complejas. Conclusiones. Las cardiopatías tienen gran impacto en la salud de la población infantil y, aunque la prevalencia es menor que en otros países, ello puede deberse al subregistro a nivel nacional. Se notó un aumento en la prevalencia en los tresaños anteriores, lo cual puede deberse a la implementación de los programas de vigilancia nacional y local. Sugerimos continuar desarrollando programas que incrementen e incentiven la tamización y el registro de estas enfermedades.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Congenital heart diseases are functional and structural alterations of the heart, circulatory system, and large vessels, which develop during cardiac embryogenesis. These defects are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Objective: To determine the prevalence of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, through the period 2001 to 2014 and evaluate the trend in time. Materials and methods: We analyzed 405,408 births from the Programa de Vigilancia y Seguimiento de Niños con Anomalías Congénitas de la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá. We calculated the prevalence of congenital heart diseases through a daily registry of births, the clinical evaluation, and the work-up. Congenital heart diseases were classified as isolated, complex or associated. We estimated the prevalence per year and the mortality in the first hours of life. Results: The total prevalence of congenital heart diseases was 15.1 per 10,000 newborns; however, we obtained values above 20 per 10,000 newborns in the previous 3 years. Of the newborns analyzed, 46% were females, 53.16% were males, and 0.33% undetermined. Out of the newborns with congenital anomalies, 397 had congenital heart diseases, 142 of which were classified as associated and 74as complex. Conclusion: Congenital heart diseases have a significant impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Although the prevalence continues to be low compared to other countries, this could be due to under registry nationwide. There was an increase in prevalence during the previous three years, which might be explained by the implementation of local and national programs. Therefore, we suggest continuing the development and promotion of such programs aimed at increasing screening and registration of these anomalies.

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          Challenges on the management of congenital heart disease in developing countries.

          While in developed countries prenatal diagnosis is currently used to detect Congenital Heart Disease before (CHD) before birth, in developing countries only a minority of children with CHD is detected and few benefit from surgical treatment. Having created a referral unit for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in a resource-deprived country we designed a study aiming at describing the spectrum and characteristics of CHD and discuss the challenges of its management. We studied retrospectively all patients assisted at a referral unit between 2001 and 2007, collecting epidemiological, clinical, echocardiographic and surgical data from hospital files. We studied 534 patients with median age at diagnosis of 4 years (range 0-79); 296 were females (55.4%). Only 282 (52.8%) patients were diagnosed under the age of two years, and complications were present in 155 (29.0%) at time of diagnosis. We operated 196 patients with mean age of 8±10 years. Only 29 of the 111 complex defects were considered for surgery. The 30-days post-operative mortality was 8/196 (4.0%). The most important post-surgical complications were post pericardectomy syndrome (22). A pattern of late presentation accompanied by high rate of complications was found. In resource-deprived settings the approach to the management of CHD emphasizes the treatment of "curable" malformations. Surgery for CHD in these settings must be linked to early detection and a referral system in which general practitioners, pediatricians, obstetricians and cardiologists interact in the design and implementation protocols for diagnosis, management and follow-up of patients. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The history of echocardiography.

            Following a brief review of the development of medical ultrasonics from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s, the collaboration between Edler and Hertz that began in Lund in 1953 is described. Using an industrial ultrasonic flaw detector, they obtained time-varying echoes transcutaneously from within the heart. The first clinical applications of M-mode echocardiography were concerned with the assessment of the mitral valve from the shapes of the corresponding waveforms. Subsequently, the various M-mode recordings were related to their anatomical origins. The method then became established as a diagnostic tool and was taken up by investigators outside Lund, initially in China, Germany, Japan and the USA and, subsequently, world-wide. The diffusion of echocardiography into clinical practice depended on the timely commercial availability of suitable equipment. The discovery of contrast echocardiography in the late 1960s further validated the technique and extended the range of applications. Two-dimensional echocardiography was first demonstrated in the late 1950s, with real-time mechanical systems and, in the early 1960s, with intracardiac probes. Transesophageal echocardiography followed, in the late 1960s. Stop-action two-dimensional echocardiography enjoyed a brief vogue in the early 1970s. It was, however, the demonstration by Bom in Rotterdam of real-time two-dimensional echocardiography using a linear transducer array that revolutionized and popularized the subject. Then, the phased array sector scanner, which had been demonstrated in the late 1960s by Somer in Utrecht, was applied to cardiac studies from the mid-1970s onwards. Satomura had demonstrated the use of the ultrasonic Doppler effect to detect tissue motion in Osaka in the mid-1950s and the technique was soon afterwards applied in the heart, often in combination with M-mode recording. The development of the pulsed Doppler method in the late 1960s opened up new opportunities for clinical innovation. The review ends with a mention of color Doppler echocardiography. (E-mail:
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              Epidemiology of congenital heart disease in Brazil

              Introduction Congenital heart disease is an abnormality in the structure or cardiocirculatory function, occurring from birth, even if diagnosed later. It can result in intrauterine death in childhood or in adulthood. Accounted for 6% of infant deaths in Brazil in 2007. Objective To estimate underreporting in the prevalence of congenital heart disease in Brazil and its subtypes. Methods The calculations of prevalence were performed by applying coefficients, giving them function rates for calculations of health problems. The study makes an approach between the literature and the governmental registries. It was adopted an estimate of 9: 1000 births and prevalence rates for subtypes applied to births of 2010. Estimates of births with congenital heart disease were compared with the reports to the Ministry of Health and were studied by descriptive methods with the use of rates and coefficients represented in tables. Results The incidence in Brazil is 25,757 new cases/year, distributed in: North 2,758; Northeast 7,570; Southeast 10,112; South 3,329; and Midwest 1,987. In 2010, were reported to System of Live Birth Information of Ministry of Health 1,377 cases of babies with congenital heart disease, representing 5.3% of the estimated for Brazil. In the same period, the most common subtypes were: ventricular septal defect (7,498); atrial septal defect (4,693); persistent ductus arteriosus (2,490); pulmonary stenosis (1,431); tetralogy of Fallot (973); coarctation of the aorta (973); transposition of the great arteries (887); and aortic stenosis 630. The prevalence of congenital heart disease, for the year of 2009, was 675,495 children and adolescents and 552,092 adults. Conclusion In Brazil, there is underreporting in the prevalence of congenital heart disease, signaling the need for adjustments in the methodology of registration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bio
                Biomédica
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia )
                0120-4157
                May 2018
                : 38
                : suppl 1
                : 141-148
                Affiliations
                [2] Bogotá D.C. Arauca orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá Colombia
                [1] Bogotá, D.C. Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [3] Bogotá, D.C. Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Genética Humana Colombia
                [4] Bogotá, D.C. Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Colombia
                Article
                S0120-41572018000500141
                10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3381
                1dfb7f50-4677-45e6-ba94-bfa2e1e52fe4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 July 2017
                : 21 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                prevalence,mortalidad infantil,prevalencia,anomalías congénitas,cardiopatías congénitas/epidemiología,infant mortality,congenital abnormalities,Heart defects, congenital/epidemiology

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