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      Importância do dismorfismo eritrocitário na investigação da origem da hematúria: revisão da literatura Translated title: The importance of the dysmorphic erythrocyte for investigation of the source of hematuria: literature review

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          Abstract

          As hematúrias são achados comuns nos exames de urina de rotina e nem sempre são sinais de doenças. A presença de hematúria associada a outras alterações urinárias, especialmente a proteinúria, sugere comprometimento do trato urinário e merece investigação. Na literatura são inúmeros os trabalhos que valorizam a sedimentoscopia urinária, principalmente a morfologia das hemácias, como indicativo do local do sangramento: se glomerular ou não-glomerular. Neste artigo, os autores revisam o estudo do dismorfismo eritrocitário, enfatizando a definição, a fisiopatologia, os métodos, os valores de referência e as limitações apontadas na literatura. As comparações com demais marcadores de hemorragia glomerular também foram discutidas. No final, os autores relatam como a literatura interpreta e utiliza os resultados da pesquisa do dismorfismo eritrocitário para guiar a propedêutica complementar na investigação da origem da hematúria.

          Translated abstract

          The hematurias are a frequent finding in urinary routine exams and do not necessarily indicate illness. The presence of hematuria associated with other urinary disturbances, especially proteinuria, indicates urinary tract pathology and should be investigated. In the literature, several studies point out the importance of urinary sedimentoscopy, specially the red cells morphology, to determine the source of bleeding: glomerular or non-glomerular. In this article, the authors review the dysmorphic erythrocyte, emphasizing on the meaning, the physiopathology, the methods, the cut-of values, and the limitations according to the literature. The comparisons with other markers of glomerular bleeding were also discussed. At the end, the authors exposed how the literature analyses and applies the dysmorphic erythrocyte results to guide the complementary research for investigation the source of urinary bleeding.

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          Most cited references71

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          Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations.

          The American Urological Association (AUA) convened the Best Practice Policy Panel on Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria to formulate policy statements and recommendations for the evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria in adults. The recommended definition of microscopic hematuria is three or more red blood cells per high-power microscopic field in urinary sediment from two of three properly collected urinalysis specimens. This definition accounts for some degree of hematuria in normal patients, as well as the intermittent nature of hematuria in patients with urologic malignancies. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria has causes ranging from minor findings that do not require treatment to highly significant, life-threatening lesions. Therefore, the AUA recommends that an appropriate renal or urologic evaluation be performed in all patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria who are at risk for urologic disease or primary renal disease. At this time, there is no consensus on when to test for microscopic hematuria in the primary care setting, and screening is not addressed in this report. However, the AUA report suggests that the patient's history and physical examination should help the physician decide whether testing is appropriate.
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            Microscopic hematuria in school children: epidemiology and clinicopathologic evaluation.

            An unselected population of 8,954 children, age 8 to 15 years, was screened for hematuria. Four urine specimens from each were examined; microscopic hematuria was found in one or more specimens in 4.1%, and in two or more specimens in 1.1% of the children. The prevalence was not age or sex dependent. Those with two or more positive samples were re-examined twice during a half-year period: 33 had hematuria of 6 or more RBC/0.9 mm3, or more than 100,000 RBC/hour, on both occasions; renal biopsy performed on 28 of them revealed two cases of IgA-IgG nephropathy, one of focal segmental sclerosis, one of extracapillary glomerulonephritis, and one of possible hereditary nephritis. In 12 patients the biopsy was entirely normal; the rest showed equivocal changes. Co-existing proteinuria and the degree of hematuria correlated well with the severity of the morphologic alterations. Pathologic findings in microscopic hematuria seem to be less frequent than in hematuria in general; in most such patients, renal biopsy is probably not indicated. In some children the low-grade hematuria may merely represent the upper end of physiologic variation.
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              Diagnosis of glomerular haematuria: role of dysmorphic red cell, G1 cell and bright-field microscopy.

              Differentiation between glomerular and non-glomerular haematuria by observation of the changes in red cell morphology using phase-contrast microscopy is a well established technique. However, the method is not widely accepted in clinical practice because of controversy regarding the minimum percentage of dysmorphic red cells required to diagnose glomerular aetiology, as well as the need for specialized microscopes. Recently, a glomerular-specific morphological alteration of red cells has been described, which has the form of a doughnut shape with one or more blebs and which is termed the "G1" cell. In the present double-blind prospective study 250 urine samples were examined without any knowledge of diagnosis. Haematuria was detected in 122 cases. The type of haematuria was characterized by counting dysmorphic cells and G1 cells separately, in each case using a phase-contrast microscope as well as an ordinary bright-field microscope with and without staining of urinary sediments. The results were later correlated with the confirmed diagnosis. The study showed that the G1 cell is more specific than the dysmorphic cell for the diagnosis of glomerular haematuria. Evaluation of both dysmorphic red cells and G1 cells can be done using bright-field microscopy with 100% specificity and sensitivities of 82 and 100%, respectively. It has been concluded that the ordinary bright-field microscope can be used for the diagnosis of glomerular haematuria with an efficiency similar to that of a phase-contrast microscope.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4774
                April 2005
                : 41
                : 2
                : 83-94
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                Article
                S1676-24442005000200005
                10.1590/S1676-24442005000200005
                1eb89aee-d512-4a51-b24c-0aac9ea982e4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1676-2444&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                PATHOLOGY

                Pathology,Medicine,Clinical chemistry
                Glomerular bleeding,Dysmorphic erythrocyte,Dismorfismo eritrocitário,Morfologia das hemácias,Hematúria glomerular,Sangramento glomerular,Urinálise,Artigo de revisão,Red cells morphology,Glomerular hematuria,Urinalysis,Review article

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