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      Atlantic West Ophiothrix spp. in the scope of integrative taxonomy: Confirming the existence of Ophiothrix trindadensis Tommasi, 1970

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          Abstract

          We re-describe and confirm the validity of Ophiothrix trindadensis Tommasi, 1970 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). This is a native species from Brazil, however it lacked a type series deposited in scientific collections. The recognition of O. trindadensis was made possible using integrative taxonomy applied to many specimens from the type locality (Trindade Island) as well as from different locations along the Brazilian coast (Araçá Bay and Estuarine Complex of Paranaguá). Initially, 835 specimens were studied and divided into four candidate species (CS) inferred from external morphological characters. Afterwards, the CSs were compared using integrative taxonomy based on external morphology, arm microstructures morphology (arm ossicle), morphometry, and molecular studies (fragments of the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI). Analyses indicated CS1 and CS2 as O. trindadensis, and CS3 as O. angulata, both valid species. CS4 remains O. cf. angulata as more data, including their ecology and physiology, are needed to be definitively clarified. Our integrative investigation using specimens from the type locality overcame the lack of type specimens and increased the reliable identification of O. trindadensis and O. angulata.

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          Le piégeage lumineux, moyen d'approche de la faune entomologique d'un grand fleuve (Ephéméroptères, en particulier)

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            The influence of a hot environment on parental cooperation of a ground-nesting shorebird, the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus

            Background Parental care often increases offspring survival, but is costly to the parents. A trade-off between the cost and benefit of care is expected, so that when care provisioning by both parents is essential for the success of young, for instance in extremely cold or hot environments, the parents should rear their young together. We investigated the latter hypothesis in a ground nesting shorebird, the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus in an extremely hot environment, the Arabian Desert. Midday ground temperature was often above 50°C in our study site in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), thus leaving the eggs unattended even for a few minute risks overheating and death of embryos. Results Through the use of video surveillance systems we recorded incubation routines of male and female Kentish plovers at 28 nests over a full day (24 h). We show that ambient temperature had a significant influence on incubation behaviour of both sexes, and the relationships are often non-linear. Coordinated incubation between parents was particularly strong in midday with incubation shared approximately equally between the male and the female. The enhanced biparental incubation was due to males increasing their nest attendance with ambient temperature. Conclusions Our results suggest biparental care is essential during incubation in the Kentish plover in extremely hot environments. Shared incubation may also help the parents to cope with heat stress themselves: they can relieve each other frequently from incubation duties. We suggest that once the eggs have hatched the risks associated with hot temperature are reduced: the chicks become mobile, and they gradually develop thermoregulation. When biparental care of young is no longer essential one parent may desert the family. The relaxed demand of the offspring may contribute to the diverse breeding systems exhibited by many shorebirds.
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              Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification

              A new classification of Ophiuroidea, considering family rank and above, is presented. The new family and superfamily taxa in O’Hara et al. (2017) were proposed to ensure a better readability of the new phylogeny but are unavailable under the provisions of the ICZN. Here, the morphological diagnoses to all 33 families and five superfamilies are provided. Ten new families, Ophiosphalmidae fam. nov., Ophiomusaidae fam. nov., Ophiocamacidae fam. nov., Ophiopteridae fam. nov., Clarkcomidae fam. nov., Ophiopezidae fam. nov., Ophiernidae fam. nov., Amphilimnidae fam. nov., Ophiothamnidae fam. nov. and Ophiopholidae fam. nov., are described. The family Ophiobyrsidae Matsumoto, 1915, not yet discovered in the previous publication, is added, based on new molecular data. A new phylogenetic reconstruction is presented. Definitions of difficult-to-apply morphological characters are given.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                23 January 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 1
                : e0210331
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
                [2 ] Museu de Zoologia “Adão José Cardoso”, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
                [3 ] Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
                [4 ] Laboratório de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Paranaguá, Paraná, Brasil
                [5 ] Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brasil
                [6 ] Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, United States of America
                [7 ] Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
                Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9732-4877
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2513-7479
                Article
                PONE-D-18-20090
                10.1371/journal.pone.0210331
                6343879
                30673722
                1ec77af8-3178-415a-8736-22b55745d388
                © 2019 Alitto et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 6 July 2018
                : 20 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 2, Pages: 28
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2011/50317-5
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2011/50724-0
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006417, Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas;
                Award ID: 2101/16
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2016/06877-0
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2016/08869-4
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 403940/2012-5
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 303122/2016-1
                Award Recipient :
                The development of this study was funded by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Proc. No. 2011/50317-5 to ACZA and 2011/50724-0 to MB; Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão da Unicamp (FAEPEX) Proc. No. 2101/16 to MB; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ProTrindade Project Proc. No. 403940/2012-5 to MT and 303122/2016-1 to MT. In addition, FAPESP provided fellowships for LDO (Proc. No. 2016/06877-0 to LDO) and for HS (Proc. No. 2016/08869-4 to HS). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. CAPES also provided a fellowship for RASA (Proc. No. PDSE - 88881.131940/2016-01). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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