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      Knee osteoarthrosis secondary to ochronosis – clinical case ☆☆ Translated title: Osteoartrose do joelho secundária a ocronose – Caso clínico

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          Abstract

          Alkaptonuria is a rare metabolic disease in which a deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate dioxygenase causes an accumulation of homogentisic acid. Ochronosis consists of excessive deposition of homogentisic acid in the connective tissue and presents as a chestnut brown or black pigmentation. With aging, the accumulation of pigments from homogentisic acid in the joints causes osteoarthrosis. There is no specific treatment for the disease and the approach is symptomatic. Arthroplasty is the solution for severe cases of osteoarthrosis caused by this pathological condition and presents results comparable to those from patients with primary osteoarthrosis. Here, the case of a 67-year-old patient who underwent several arthroplasty procedures because of osteoarthrosis caused by this rare pathological condition is presented. The last surgical intervention consisted of total right knee arthroplasty.

          Resumo

          A alcaptonúria é uma doença metabólica rara em que a deficiência da enzima ácido homogentísico-oxidase provoca uma acumulação de ácido homogentísico. A ocronose consiste na deposição excessiva de ácido homogentísico no tecido conjuntivo e apresenta-se como uma pigmentação acastanhada ou preta. Com o envelhecimento, a acumulação de pigmentos de ácido homogentísico nas articulações provoca osteoartrose. Não existe um tratamento específico para a doença e a abordagem é sintomática. A artroplastia é a solução para casos graves de osteoartrose causada por essa patologia e apresenta resultados comparáveis aos doentes com osteoartrose primária. Os autores apresentam o caso de um doente de 67 anos submetido a várias artroplastias, em virtude da osteoartrose causada por essa rara patologia. A última intervenção cirúrgica foi uma artroplastia total do joelho direito.

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          Most cited references22

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          The molecular basis of alkaptonuria.

          Alkaptonuria (AKU) occupies a unique place in the history of human genetics because it was the first disease to be interpreted as a mendelian recessive trait by Garrod in 1902. Alkaptonuria is a rare metabolic disorder resulting from loss of homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (HGO) activity. Affected individuals accumulate large quantities of homogentisic acid, an intermediary product of the catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine, which darkens the urine and deposits in connective tissues causing a debilitating arthritis. Here we report the cloning of the human HGO gene and establish that it is the AKU gene. We show that HGO maps to the same location described for AKU, illustrate that HGO harbours missense mutations that cosegregate with the disease, and provide biochemical evidence that at least one of these missense mutations is a loss-of-function mutation.
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            Arthroplasty for ochronotic arthritis: no failure of 11 replacements in 3 patients followed 6-12 years.

            Alkaptonuria is a rare single-gene disorder characterized by black pigmentation of cartilage and other connective tissues. Premature degenerative arthritis affects the large joints in many of these of patients. Medical treatment is limited to a protein-restricted diet (phenylalanine and tyrosine) with surgery reserved for end-stage joint disease. As in other metabolic bone diseases, there are concerns about the quality and strength of affected bones and therefore the suitability and longevity of replacement arthroplasty. The histopathology and outcome of joint replacement for alkaptonuric arthritis is unknown and limited to sporadic case reports. We describe 11 joint replacements in 3 patients with alkaptonuric polyarthropathy, including shoulder and elbow replacements not previously reported. No prosthetic failures occurred in up to 12 years of follow-up. Total joint replacement is an acceptable treatment for degenerative joint disease in alkaptonuric patients, with implant survival comparable to that found in patients with osteoarthritis.
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              The pathology of alkaptonuric ochronosis.

              The gross and microscopic pathology of alkaptonuric ochronosis is presented from a study of pathologic specimens from six cases in our files and from a review of the literature. Emphasis is placed on the most clinically relevant organ systems involved by ochronosis: musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, genitourinary, eye, and skin. Recent electron microscopic discoveries from several affected organs, including the synovium, articular cartilage, cardiovascular system, eye, and skin, are included in this report. In addition, the molecular pathology of alkaptonuria is briefly discussed. The pathologic literature regarding alkaptonurin ochronosis is fragmented, as most cases of this rare entity are reported individually or as small series of cases. A comprehensive review of alkaptonuria has not appeared since the clinicopathologic review of the world literature by O'Brien et al in 1963. The purpose of this report is to present an updated and unified pathologic study of alkaptonuric ochronosis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
                Elsevier
                2255-4971
                27 October 2014
                Nov-Dec 2014
                27 October 2014
                : 49
                : 6
                : 675-680
                Affiliations
                [a ]Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital Center/Espinho Hospital, Vila Nova de Gaia and Espinho, Portugal
                [b ]Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro Hospital Center, Vila Real, Portugal
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author. andreiamsmf@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S2255-4971(14)00164-5
                10.1016/j.rboe.2013.11.001
                4487493
                26229881
                1ed0c717-104c-416e-b3d5-db5d674122a9
                © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 5 October 2013
                : 11 November 2013
                Categories
                Case Report

                alkaptonuria,ochronosis,knee,arthroplasty,alcaptonúria,ocronose,joelho,artroplastia

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