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      Direct and interactive effects of peer support and resilience on psychosocial adjustment in emerging adults with early left-behind experiences

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          Abstract

          Background: Although abundant research documented the vulnerability of left-behind children in rural China, little is known about whether early left-behind experiences are linked to their positive psychosocial functioning in later life, as well as the potential protective factors for their psychosocial adjustment.

          Purpose: Informed by positive youth development framework and a positive adjustment framework in migrants, the current study compares psychosocial adjustment characterized by self-esteem and prosocial behavior between emerging adults with early left-behind experiences (LB-E) and their counterparts (Non-LB-E). Of importance, this study also examines the potential protective roles of social context (ie, peer support) and individual characteristic (ie, resilience) in psychosocial outcomes among Chinese emerging adults with and without early left-behind experiences.

          Methods: A propensity score matching was used to balance the two groups regarding age, gender, socioeconomic status, and potentially traumatic life events. Finally, a total of 182 emerging adults with early left-behind experiences and 182 their counterparts was involved in the current study, who were asked to complete self-report questionnaires.

          Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in self-esteem and prosocial behavior between the two groups. In addition, resilience was found to moderate the link between peer support and self-esteem. Specifically, in the context of higher levels of peer support, emerging adults with higher levels of resilience reported higher levels of self-esteem.

          Conclusion: The current study suggests that early left-behind experiences are not an adversity for emerging adults’ positive psychosocial adjustment, and the protective roles of peer support and resilience are highlighted in Chinese emerging adults. Intervention or prevention programs may focus on the enhancement of resilience as well as the quality of peer relationships, shifting away from risk towards positive development models.

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          Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

          Kathryn M Connor, Jonathan Davidson (2003)
          Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            FACTOR ANALYSIS AND PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE CONNOR-DAVIDSON RESILIENCE SCALE (CD-RISC) WITH CHINESE PEOPLE

            Xiaonan Yu, Jianxin Zhang (2007)
            This study examines the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Connor and Davidson's Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; 2003), an American instrument originating from a posttraumatic stress disorder research program. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Chinese data failed to verify the original 5-factor structure of CD-RISC obtained in the USA, while exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 3-factor structure of resilience (labeled respectively as Tenacity, Strength, and Optimism). The reliability coefficient of the Chinese version of CD-RISC was 0.91. The validity of CD-RISC was also satisfying in terms of the actual data matching the expected correlation between resilience measure and the variables of selfesteem, life satisfaction, and personality trait factors of NEO-FFI. It is concluded that the construct of resilience and its measurement from the West can be helpful and applicable in understanding Chinese adaptive behaviors, however, the understanding of the construct may also need some modification according to Chinese culture.
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              Positive Youth Development in the United States: Research Findings on Evaluations of Positive Youth Development Programs

              Richard Catalano, M. Berglund, Jean A. M. Ryan … (2004)
              Article 0 comments Cited 253 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychol Res Behav Manag
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychol Res Behav Manag
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PRBM
                Journal ID (pmc): prbm
                Title: Psychology Research and Behavior Management
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1578
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 April 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 12
                Pages: 277-288
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova , Padova, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Wenchao WangFaculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing100875, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 55 8481 7066Email psychao@ 123456163.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 202774
                DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S202774
                PMC ID: 6489595
                PubMed ID: 31114409
                SO-VID: 1ffcbd20-c15e-4ddf-831b-53f929dc0358
                Copyright © © 2019 Lan and Wang.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 24 January 2019
                Date accepted : 13 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, References: 41, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: resilience,left-behind children,peer support,self-esteem,prosocial behavior,emerging adult
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: resilience, left-behind children, peer support, self-esteem, prosocial behavior, emerging adult

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