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      Do Mindfulness Interventions Improve Obesity Rates in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Evidence

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          Abstract

          Mindfulness interventions have shown promise in improving self-regulation, depression, anxiety, and stress levels across all ages. Obesity rates in children are rising worldwide. It has been postulated that through improvements in self-regulation with mindfulness interventions, obesity rates can be improved in children and adolescents. In this review, we attempt to explain how mindfulness interventions may impact obesity rates and obesity-related complications and give the current state of evidence for the following mindfulness interventions: Mindful Eating, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Yoga, Spirituality, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy.

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          Most cited references60

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          Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015-2016.

          Obesity is associated with serious health risks. Monitoring obesity prevalence is relevant for public health programs that focus on reducing or preventing obesity. Between 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, there were no significant changes in childhood obesity prevalence, but adults showed an increasing trend. This report provides the most recent national estimates from 2015–2016 on obesity prevalence by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin, and overall estimates from 1999–2000 through 2015–2016.
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            Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis.

            An increasing number of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) studies are being conducted with nonclinical populations, but very little is known about their effectiveness. To evaluate the efficacy, mechanisms of actions, and moderators of MBSR for nonclinical populations. A systematic review of studies published in English journals in Medline, CINAHL or Alt HealthWatch from the first available date until September 19, 2014. Any quantitative study that used MBSR as an intervention, that was conducted with healthy adults, and that investigated stress or anxiety. A total of 29 studies (n=2668) were included. Effect-size estimates suggested that MBSR is moderately effective in pre-post analyses (n=26; Hedge's g=.55; 95% CI [.44, .66], p<.00001) and in between group analyses (n=18; Hedge's g=.53; 95% CI [.41, .64], p<.00001). The obtained results were maintained at an average of 19 weeks of follow-up. Results suggested large effects on stress, moderate effects on anxiety, depression, distress, and quality of life, and small effects on burnout. When combined, changes in mindfulness and compassion measures correlated with changes in clinical measures at post-treatment and at follow-up. However, heterogeneity was high, probably due to differences in the study design, the implemented protocol, and the assessed outcomes. MBSR is moderately effective in reducing stress, depression, anxiety and distress and in ameliorating the quality of life of healthy individuals; however, more research is warranted to identify the most effective elements of MBSR. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden.

              Body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher is used to identify individuals with obesity. In the last 3 decades, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased 27.5% for adults and 47.1% for children. Obesity is the result of complex relationships between genetic, socioeconomic, and cultural influences. Consumption patterns, urban development, and lifestyle habits influence the prevalence of obesity. The condition may be the result of disease or pharmacologic treatment. It may also be a risk factor for the development of comorbid conditions. Persons who are obese have less school attendance, reduced earning potential, and higher healthcare costs that may result in an economic burden on society. A review of the prevalence and economic consequences of obesity is provided. Potential causes and comorbidities associated with obesity are also discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
                Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
                dmso
                Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
                Dove
                1178-7007
                25 November 2021
                2021
                : 14
                : 4621-4629
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatrics, Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Penn State, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey, PA, USA
                [2 ]Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Penn State, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey, PA, USA
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey, Pa, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Terrah Keck-Kester Email tkeckkester@pennstatehealth.psu.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-2025
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7897-1240
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5072-2592
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-149X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-9609
                Article
                220671
                10.2147/DMSO.S220671
                8629947
                34858040
                205eb0be-0f97-45c1-9bd2-959fda9d354e
                © 2021 Keck-Kester et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 20 May 2021
                : 30 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, References: 61, Pages: 9
                Funding
                This work was supported by NIH Grant R01DK119379 (NR).
                Categories
                Review

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                mindful eating,yoga,dialectic behavioral therapy,mindful based stress reduction,spirituality

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