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      Traits and risk factors of post-disaster infectious disease outbreaks: a systematic review

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          Abstract

          Infectious disease outbreaks are increasingly recognised as events that exacerbate impacts or prolong recovery following disasters. Yet, our understanding of the frequency, geography, characteristics and risk factors of post-disaster disease outbreaks globally is lacking. This limits the extent to which disease outbreak risks can be prepared for, monitored and responded to following disasters. Here, we conducted a global systematic review of post-disaster outbreaks and found that outbreaks linked to conflicts and hydrological events were most frequently reported, and most often caused by bacterial and water-borne agents. Lack of adequate WASH facilities and poor housing were commonly reported risk factors. Displacement, through infrastructure damage, can lead to risk cascades for disease outbreaks; however, displacement can also be an opportunity to remove people from danger and ultimately protect health. The results shed new light on post-disaster disease outbreaks and their risks. Understanding these risk factors and cascades, could help improve future region-specific disaster risk reduction.

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement

          Systematic reviews should build on a protocol that describes the rationale, hypothesis, and planned methods of the review; few reviews report whether a protocol exists. Detailed, well-described protocols can facilitate the understanding and appraisal of the review methods, as well as the detection of modifications to methods and selective reporting in completed reviews. We describe the development of a reporting guideline, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P 2015). PRISMA-P consists of a 17-item checklist intended to facilitate the preparation and reporting of a robust protocol for the systematic review. Funders and those commissioning reviews might consider mandating the use of the checklist to facilitate the submission of relevant protocol information in funding applications. Similarly, peer reviewers and editors can use the guidance to gauge the completeness and transparency of a systematic review protocol submitted for publication in a journal or other medium.
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            Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer

            Wave-particle duality is an inherent peculiarity of the quantum world. The double-slit experiment has been frequently used for understanding different aspects of this fundamental concept. The occurrence of interference rests on the lack of which-way information and on the absence of decoherence mechanisms, which could scramble the wave fronts. Here, we report on the observation of two-center interference in the molecular-frame photoelectron momentum distribution upon ionization of the neon dimer by a strong laser field. Postselection of ions, which are measured in coincidence with electrons, allows choosing the symmetry of the residual ion, leading to observation of both, gerade and ungerade, types of interference.
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              Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                g.charnley19@imperial.ac.uk
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                10 March 2021
                10 March 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 5616
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.83440.3b, ISNI 0000000121901201, Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.83440.3b, ISNI 0000000121901201, Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Population Health, , University College London, ; London, UK
                [5 ]GRID grid.23048.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6230, University of Agder, ; Kristiansand, Norway
                [6 ]GRID grid.415063.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0606 294X, MRC Unit The Gambia At London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, ; Fajara, The Gambia
                Article
                85146
                10.1038/s41598-021-85146-0
                7970931
                33692451
                20f94199-356f-46b2-8d37-98d4b345a3e5
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 September 2020
                : 23 February 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: National Environmental Research Council
                Award ID: NE/S007415/1
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                climate-change impacts,climate-change mitigation,natural hazards,infectious diseases,risk factors

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