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      Composición química, actividad antioxidante, antiinflamatoria y antiproliferativa del extracto de callos derivado de Acalypha californica Bentham Translated title: Chemical composition, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiproliferative activity of callus extract derived from Acalypha californica Bentham

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          Abstract

          Resumen Acalypha californica Bentham es una planta utilizada por los grupos étnicos de Sonora para tratar el cáncer; sin embargo, es una planta que no es cultivada, de manera tal que la especie crece en hábitats expuestos a las actividades antropogénicas y la colecta indiscriminada, resultando en la disminución significativa de las poblaciones silvestres. Aunado a lo anterior las actividades biológicas relacionadas con los procesos antiproliferativos (antioxidante y antiinflamatoria) atribuidos a la especie no han sido evaluadas. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer las condiciones adecuadas para el crecimiento de callos de A. californica, así como caracterizar química y biológicamente el extracto etanólico de los callos generados. Primeramente, para producción de callos se utilizaron explantes a partir de hojas, pecíolos, yemas y segmentos nodales de A. californica los que fueron inoculados en Woody Plant Medium (WPM), suplementado con ácido indol butírico (AIB), bencil amino purina (BAP) o cinetina (CIN) en un intervalo de 0.5-2.0 mg/L. El extracto de los callos liofilizados fue generado por maceración con etanol al 70% y la actividad antiproliferativa del mismo se midió mediante el ensayo MTT en las líneas celulares cancerosas humanas A549, HeLa y MCF-7. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó empleando los ensayos DPPH, FRAP y midiendo el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (TPC y TFC). La actividad antiinflamatoria fue estimada a través de la capacidad inhibitoria del óxido nítrico en macrófagos RAW264.7 estimulados con LPS. Finalmente se generó un perfil químico de los compuestos presentes en el extracto etanólico de los callos utilizando espectrometría de masas. Resultando que las yemas fueron el explante más callogénico, con un 55.60 % de inducción en la concentración de 1.5 mg/L de AIB. En tanto que el extracto etanólico de callos de A. californica no mostró una actividad significativa sobre las líneas celulares probadas; sin embargo, presentó un gran contenido de TPC y TFC con valores de 2.6±0.25 mmol GAE/g de extracto y 1.56±0.25 mmol QE/g de extracto; así como una actividad antioxidante significativamente alta por el método de estabilización del radical DPPH (EC50 44.85±1.22 (g/mL) y FRAP (1.58±0.15 mmol de Fe2+ /g de extracto). El extracto etanólico de los callos de A. californica inhibió en un 24% la producción de óxido nítrico con respecto a las células control. En el perfil químico del extracto etanólico de los callos se encontraron estructuras pertenecientes a los ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides principalmente. De esta manera se concluyó que para desarrollar callos efectivos de A. californica las yemas de la planta deben ser cultivadas en WPM+1.5 mg/L de AIB. Adicionalmente se concluye que los compuestos fenólicos son los responsables de la alta actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria presentada por el extracto etanólico de los callos obtenidos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Acalypha californica Bentham is a plant used by the ethnic groups of Sonora to treat cancer; however, it is a plant that is not cultivated, in such a way that the species grows in habitats exposed to anthropogenic activities and indiscriminate collection, resulting in a significant decrease in wild populations. In addition to the above, the biological activities related to the antiproliferative processes (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) attributed to the species have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to establish the adequate conditions for the growth of A. californica calluses, as well as to characterize chemically and biologically the ethanolic extract of the generated calluses. First, for callus production, explants were used from leaves, petioles, buds, and nodal segments of A. californica, which were inoculated in Woody Plant Medium (WPM), supplemented with indole butyric acid (AIB), benzyl amino purine (BAP) or kinetin (CIN) in a range of 0.5-2.0 mg/L. The lyophilized callus extract was generated by maceration with 70% ethanol and its antiproliferative activity was measured by the MTT assay in the human cancer cell lines A549, HeLa and MCF-7. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH and FRAP assays and by measuring the content of total phenols and flavonoids (TPC and TFC). The antiinflammatory activity was estimated through the inhibitory capacity of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. Finally, a chemical profile of the compounds presents in the ethanolic extract of the callus was generated using mass spectrometry. Resulting that the buds were the most callogenic explant, with a 55.60% induction in the concentration of 1.5 mg/L of AIB. While the ethanolic extract of A. californica calluses did not show significant activity on the cell lines tested; however, it presented a high content of TPC and TFC with values of 2.6±0.25 mmol GAE/g of extract and 1.56±0.25 mmol QE/g of extract; as well as a significantly high antioxidant activity by the DPPH radical stabilization method (EC50 44.85±1.22 (g/mL) and FRAP (1.58±0.15 mmol of Fe2+/g of extract). The ethanolic extract from A. californica calluses inhibited nitric oxide production by 24% compared to control cells. In the chemical profile of the ethanolic extract of the calluses, structures belonging to phenolic acids and flavonoids were found mainly. In this way, it was concluded that to develop effective calluses of A. californica, the buds of the plant must be cultivated in WPM+1.5 mg/L of AIB. Additionally, it is concluded that phenolic compounds are responsible for the high antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity presented by the ethanolic extract of the calluses obtained.

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          Inflammation and Cancer

          Inflammation is often associated with the development and progression of cancer. The cells responsible for cancer-associated inflammation are genetically stable and thus are not subjected to rapid emergence of drug resistance; therefore, the targeting of inflammation represents an attractive strategy both for cancer prevention and for cancer therapy. Tumor-extrinsic inflammation is caused by many factors, including bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune diseases, obesity, tobacco smoking, asbestos exposure, and excessive alcohol consumption, all of which increase cancer risk and stimulate malignant progression. In contrast, cancer-intrinsic or cancer-elicited inflammation can be triggered by cancer-initiating mutations and can contribute to malignant progression through the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Both extrinsic and intrinsic inflammations can result in immunosuppression, thereby providing a preferred background for tumor development. The current review provides a link between inflammation and cancer development.
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            Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression: Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements

            Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in biological processes and continuous ROS production in normal cells is controlled by the appropriate regulation between the silver lining of low and high ROS concentration mediated effects. Interestingly, ROS also dynamically influences the tumor microenvironment and is known to initiate cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and survival at different concentrations. At moderate concentration, ROS activates the cancer cell survival signaling cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), which in turn activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At high concentrations, ROS can cause cancer cell apoptosis. Hence, it critically depends upon the ROS levels, to either augment tumorigenesis or lead to apoptosis. The major issue is targeting the dual actions of ROS effectively with respect to the concentration bias, which needs to be monitored carefully to impede tumor angiogenesis and metastasis for ROS to serve as potential therapeutic targets exogenously/endogenously. Overall, additional research is required to comprehend the potential of ROS as an effective anti-tumor modality and therapeutic target for treating malignancies.
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              MYB Transcription Factors as Regulators of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Plants.

              Phenylpropanoid-derived compounds represent a diverse family of secondary metabolites that originate from phenylalanine. These compounds have roles in plant growth and development, and in defense against biotic and abiotic stress. Many of these compounds are also beneficial to human health and welfare. V-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) proteins belong to a large family of transcription factors and are key regulators of the synthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. This review summarizes the current understanding of MYB proteins and their roles in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                polib
                Polibotánica
                Polibotánica
                Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (México, DF, Mexico )
                1405-2768
                2023
                : 56
                : 203-223
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Sonora orgdiv1Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas Mexico
                [3] Hermosillo orgnameUniversidad de Sonora orgdiv1Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Bioprocesos orgdiv2Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Mexico luisa.rascon@ 123456unison.mx
                [1] Hermosillo orgnameUniversidad de Sonora orgdiv1Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales orgdiv2Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Mexico a216230100@ 123456unison.mx
                Article
                S1405-27682023000200203 S1405-2768(23)00005600203
                10.18387/polibotanica.56.11
                215fe0a5-e658-45b0-bfb8-0b70eb3aa462

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 June 2023
                : 27 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 21
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos científicos

                Acalypha californica,cáncer,compuestos fenólicos,cultivo de callos,cancer,phenolic compounds,callus culture

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