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      Demonstrating Cerebral Vascular Networks: A Comparison of Methods for the Teaching Laboratory

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          Abstract

          One challenge of neuroscience educators is to make accessible to students as many aspects of brain structure and function as possible. The anatomy and function of the cerebrovasculature is among many topics of neuroscience that are underrepresented in undergraduate neuroscience education. Recognizing this deficit, we evaluated methods to produce archival tissue specimens of the cerebrovasculature and the “neurovascular unit” for instruction and demonstration in the teaching lab. An additional goal of this project was to identify the costs of each method as well as to determine which method(s) could be adapted into lab exercises, where students participate in the tissue preparation, staining, etc. In the present report, we detail several methods for demonstrating the cerebrovasculature and suggest that including this material can be a valuable addition to more traditional anatomy/physiology demonstrations and exercises.

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          Most cited references18

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          A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes.

          The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a remarkable array of neural cells, each with a complex pattern of connections that together generate perceptions and higher brain functions. Here we describe a large-scale screen to create an atlas of CNS gene expression at the cellular level, and to provide a library of verified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors and transgenic mouse lines that offer experimental access to CNS regions, cell classes and pathways. We illustrate the use of this atlas to derive novel insights into gene function in neural cells, and into principal steps of CNS development. The atlas, library of BAC vectors and BAC transgenic mice generated in this screen provide a rich resource that allows a broad array of investigations not previously available to the neuroscience community.
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            Angiogenesis in brain tumours.

            Despite aggressive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas remain uniformly fatal. To progress, these tumours stimulate the formation of new blood vessels through processes driven primarily by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the resulting vessels are structurally and functionally abnormal, and contribute to a hostile microenvironment (low oxygen tension and high interstitial fluid pressure) that selects for a more malignant phenotype with increased morbidity and mortality. Emerging preclinical and clinical data indicate that anti-VEGF therapies are potentially effective in glioblastoma--the most frequent primary brain tumour--and can transiently normalize tumour vessels. This creates a window of opportunity for optimally combining chemotherapeutics and radiation.
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              Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer disease.

              The brain is critically dependent on a continuous supply of blood to function. Therefore, the cerebral vasculature is endowed with neurovascular control mechanisms that assure that the blood supply of the brain is commensurate to the energy needs of its cellular constituents. The regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during brain activity involves the coordinated interaction of neurons, glia, and vascular cells. Thus, whereas neurons and glia generate the signals initiating the vasodilation, endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells act in concert to transduce these signals into carefully orchestrated vascular changes that lead to CBF increases focused to the activated area and temporally linked to the period of activation. Neurovascular coupling is disrupted in pathological conditions, such as hypertension, Alzheimer disease, and ischemic stroke. Consequently, CBF is no longer matched to the metabolic requirements of the tissue. This cerebrovascular dysregulation is mediated in large part by the deleterious action of reactive oxygen species on cerebral blood vessels. A major source of cerebral vascular radicals in models of hypertension and Alzheimer disease is the enzyme NADPH oxidase. These findings, collectively, highlight the importance of neurovascular coupling to the health of the normal brain and suggest a therapeutic target for improving brain function in pathologies associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Undergrad Neurosci Educ
                J Undergrad Neurosci Educ
                JUNE
                Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education
                Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience
                1544-2896
                15 June 2008
                Spring 2008
                : 6
                : 2
                : A53-A59
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367;
                [2 ]Department of Math & Science, Suffolk County Community College, SUNY, Riverhead, NY 11901.
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to: Dr. Joshua C. Brumberg, Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY 65–30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367. Email: joshua.brumberg@ 123456qc.cuny.edu
                Article
                june-6-53
                3592665
                23493521
                221c9269-adcd-42d9-b3b1-1ccf54b6917b
                Copyright © 2008 Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience
                History
                : 03 January 2008
                : 19 May 2008
                : 28 May 2008
                Categories
                Article

                cerebral blood flow,neurovascular unit,perivascular cells, blood vessels

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