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      Bone density of the axis (C2) measured using Hounsfield units of computed tomography

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The assessment of bone density is of great importance nowadays due to the increasing age of patients. Especially in regard to the surgical stabilization of the spine, the assessment of bone density is important for therapeutic decision making. The aim of this work was to record trabecular bone density values using Hounsfield units of the second cervical vertebra.

          Material and methods

          The study is a monocentric retrospective data analysis of 198 patients who received contrast-enhanced polytrauma computed tomography in a period of two years at a maximum care hospital. Hounsfield units were measured in three different regions within the C2: dens, transition area between dens and vertebral body and vertebral body. The measured Hounsfield units were converted into bone density values using a validated formula.

          Results

          A total of 198 patients were included. The median bone density varied in different regions of all measured C2 vertebrae: in the dens axis, C2 transition area between dens and vertebral body, and in the vertebral body bone densities were 302.79 mg/cm 3, 160.08 mg/cm 3, and 240.31 mg/cm 3, respectively. The transition area from dens axis to corpus had statistically significant lower bone density values compared to the other regions ( p < 0.001). There was a decrease in bone density values after age 50 years in both men and women ( p < 0.001).

          Conclusions

          The transitional area from dens axis to corpus showed statistically significant lower bone density values compared to the adjacent regions ( p < 0.001). This area seems to be a predilection site for fractures of the 2nd cervical vertebra, which is why special attention should be paid here in radiological diagnostics after a trauma.

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          Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

          Christopher J L Murray, Theo Vos, Rafael Lozano … (2013)
          Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2·503 billion) to 2010 (2·490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43% from non-communicable diseases, and 10% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35%, 54%, and 11%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures.

            O. Johnell, J Kanis (2006)
            The aim of this study was to quantify the global burden of osteoporotic fracture worldwide. The incidence of hip fractures was identified by systematic review and the incidence of osteoporotic fractures was imputed from the incidence of hip fractures in different regions of the world. Excess mortality and disability weights used age- and sex-specific data from Sweden to calculate the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost due to osteoporotic fracture. In the year 2000 there were an estimated 9.0 million osteoporotic fractures of which 1.6 million were at the hip, 1.7 million at the forearm and 1.4 million were clinical vertebral fractures. The greatest number of osteoporotic fractures occurred in Europe (34.8%). The total DALYs lost was 5.8 million of which 51% were accounted for by fractures that occurred in Europe and the Americas. World-wide, osteoporotic fractures accounted for 0.83% of the global burden of non-communicable disease and was 1.75% of the global burden in Europe. In Europe, osteoporotic fractures accounted for more DALYs lost than common cancers with the exception of lung cancer. For chronic musculo-skeletal disorders the DALYs lost in Europe due to osteoporosis (2.0 million) were less than for osteoarthrosis (3.1 million) but greater than for rheumatoid arthritis (1.0 million). We conclude that osteoporotic fractures are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developed countries.
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              Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis.

              C M Klotzbuecher, P. D. Ross, P B Landsman … (2000)
              Numerous studies have reported increased risks of hip, spine, and other fractures among people who had previous clinically diagnosed fractures, or who have radiographic evidence of vertebral fractures. However, there is some variability in the magnitudes of associations among studies. We summarized the literature and performed a statistical synthesis of the risk of future fracture, given a history of prior fracture. The strongest associations were observed between prior and subsequent vertebral fractures; women with preexisting vertebral fractures (identified at baseline by vertebral morphometry) had approximately 4 times greater risk of subsequent vertebral fractures than those without prior fractures. This risk increases with the number of prior vertebral fractures. Most studies reported relative risks of approximately 2 for other combinations of prior and future fracture sites (hip, spine, wrist, or any site). The confidence profile method was used to derive a single pooled estimate from the studies that provided sufficient data for other combinations of prior and subsequent fracture sites. Studies of peri- and postmenopausal women with prior fractures had 2.0 (95 % CI = 1.8, 2.1) times the risk of subsequent fracture compared with women without prior fractures. For other studies (including men and women of all ages), the risk was increased by 2.2 (1.9, 2.6) times. We conclude that history of prior fracture at any site is an important risk factor for future fractures. Patients with a history of prior fracture, therefore, should receive further evaluation for osteoporosis and fracture risk.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                George Simion: george.simion@med.uni-jena.de
                Niklas Eckardt: niklas.eckardt@med.uni-jena.de
                Christian Senft: christian.senft@med.uni-jena.de
                Falko Schwarz: falko.schwarz@med.uni-jena.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Orthop Surg Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Orthop Surg Res
                Title: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1749-799X
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 93
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9613.d, ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, Department of Neurosurgery, , Jena University Hospital – Friedrich Schiller University Jena, ; Jena, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.9613.d, ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, Department for Radiology, , Jena University Hospital – Friedrich Schiller University Jena, ; Jena, Germany
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3560
                DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03560-8
                PMC ID: 9921026
                PubMed ID: 36765379
                SO-VID: 23185c1e-8bfc-4fbd-a78e-a27ba9033b11
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 2 November 2022
                Date accepted : 23 January 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Universitätsklinikum Jena (8979)
                Open Access :

                Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Keywords: osteoporosis,fracture,bone density,cervical spine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Keywords: osteoporosis, fracture, bone density, cervical spine

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