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      Relationship of resilience, anxiety and injuries in footballers: Structural equations analysis

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          Abstract

          Resilience is a psychological characteristic which enhances personal assets and protects individuals from potential negative effects of various stressors. While this topic has been considered in the separate context of sports injuries and anxiety states, these issues have rarely been considered together. The objective of this study is to analyse the association between motivation to overcome injuries in football and the state of anxiety caused by those injuries. One hundred and eighty-five footballers from Spain were analysed by way of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires, and an injury self-registration sheet. Statistical analyses were performed using structural equations. Results showed a direct and positive relationship between the capacity to face up to injuries or potential injuries and to adapt successfully to them for injured footballers, especially when anxiety was considered as a transitory emotional state. In addition, this relationship was stronger in non-injured sportspersons because their resilience capacity was not being impaired by the experience of an injury.

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          Most cited references46

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          Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

          Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification.

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              A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                26 November 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 11
                : e0207860
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
                [2 ] Research Group HUM-238, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
                [3 ] School of sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Health ECIADES, University of Santiago, Santiago of Chile, Chile
                [4 ] Sports Science and Physical Activity, University Santo Tomas, Santiago of Chile, Chile
                [5 ] School of Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
                University of Indianapolis, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-1089
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8155-9428
                Article
                PONE-D-18-10492
                10.1371/journal.pone.0207860
                6257929
                30475896
                234913cd-cbcf-4f89-bd52-4773b404f545
                © 2018 Zurita-Ortega et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 April 2018
                : 7 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 12
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Critical Care and Emergency Medicine
                Trauma Medicine
                Traumatic Injury
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Otorhinolaryngology
                Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Critical Care and Emergency Medicine
                Trauma Medicine
                Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma
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                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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