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      Social inequality in health among women in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil Translated title: Desigualdades sociais na saúde de mulheres adultas no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

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          Abstract

          The aim of this was study was to assess social inequalities in health status and use of health services according to level of schooling in women. This was a cross-sectional population-based study with a sample of 508 women from 20 to 59 years of age living in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil (ISA-Camp 2008). Women with less schooling showed higher prevalence of hypertension, circulatory problems, headache, dizziness, obesity, common mental disorders, worse self-rated health, use of dental prosthesis, and visual impairment, but lower prevalence for use of eyeglasses. There were no differences between the two schooling strata in prevalence of medical visits in the previous two weeks, use of medicines in the three previous days, Pap smear, breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, hospitalizations and surgeries in the previous year, and rubella vaccination any time in life. The only significant differences were in use of dental services and mammograms. The results show social inequalities in various health indicators and equity in access to various components of the health services.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivou-se avaliar as desigualdades sociais no estado de saúde e uso de serviços de saúde segundo o nível de escolaridade entre mulheres adultas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra de 508 mulheres de 20 a 59 anos, residentes em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil (ISA-Camp 2008). Mulheres com menor escolaridade apresentam maior prevalência de hipertensão, problemas circulatórios, dor de cabeça, tontura, obesidade, transtorno mental comum, pior saúde autorreferida, uso de prótese dentária e deficiência visual, mas menor prevalência de uso de óculos. Não houve diferença entre os dois segmentos na prevalência de consultas nas duas últimas semanas, uso de medicamentos nos últimos três dias, exame de Papanicolaou, autoexame das mamas, exame clínico das mamas, hospitalizações e cirurgias no último ano e vacinação contra rubéola na vida. Diferenças significativas foram apenas em relação ao serviço odontológico e à mamografia. Há presença de desigualdades sociais em diversos indicadores de saúde e de equidade no acesso a vários componentes dos serviços de saúde.

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          Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure.

          Questionnaires are used to estimate disease burden. Agreement between questionnaire responses and a criterion standard is important for optimal disease prevalence estimates. We measured the agreement between self-reported disease and medical record diagnosis of disease. A total of 2,037 Olmsted County, Minnesota residents > or =45 years of age were randomly selected. Questionnaires asked if subjects had ever had heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. Medical records were abstracted. Self-report of disease showed >90% specificity for all these diseases, but sensitivity was low for heart failure (69%) and diabetes (66%). Agreement between self-report and medical record was substantial (kappa 0.71-0.80) for diabetes, hypertension, MI, and stroke but not for heart failure (kappa 0.46). Factors associated with high total agreement by multivariate analysis were age 12 years, and zero Charlson Index score (P < .05). Questionnaire data are of greatest value in life-threatening, acute-onset diseases (e.g., MI and stroke) and chronic disorders requiring ongoing management (e.g.,diabetes and hypertension). They are more accurate in young women and better-educated subjects.
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            Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review.

            In spite of high levels of poverty in low and middle income countries (LMIC), and the high burden posed by common mental disorders (CMD), it is only in the last two decades that research has emerged that empirically addresses the relationship between poverty and CMD in these countries. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological literature in LMIC, with the aim of examining this relationship. Of 115 studies that were reviewed, most reported positive associations between a range of poverty indicators and CMD. In community-based studies, 73% and 79% of studies reported positive associations between a variety of poverty measures and CMD, 19% and 15% reported null associations and 8% and 6% reported negative associations, using bivariate and multivariate analyses respectively. However, closer examination of specific poverty dimensions revealed a complex picture, in which there was substantial variation between these dimensions. While variables such as education, food insecurity, housing, social class, socio-economic status and financial stress exhibit a relatively consistent and strong association with CMD, others such as income, employment and particularly consumption are more equivocal. There are several measurement and population factors that may explain variation in the strength of the relationship between poverty and CMD. By presenting a systematic review of the literature, this paper attempts to shift the debate from questions about whether poverty is associated with CMD in LMIC, to questions about which particular dimensions of poverty carry the strongest (or weakest) association. The relatively consistent association between CMD and a variety of poverty dimensions in LMIC serves to strengthen the case for the inclusion of mental health on the agenda of development agencies and in international targets such as the millenium development goals. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us.

              We aimed to describe socioeconomic disparities in the United States across multiple health indicators and socioeconomic groups. Using recent national data on 5 child (infant mortality, health status, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary adolescents) and 6 adult (life expectancy, health status, activity limitation, heart disease, diabetes, obesity) health indicators, we examined indicator rates across multiple income or education categories, overall and within racial/ethnic groups. Those with the lowest income and who were least educated were consistently least healthy, but for most indicators, even groups with intermediate income and education levels were less healthy than the wealthiest and most educated. Gradient patterns were seen often among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites but less consistently among Hispanics. Health in the United States is often, though not invariably, patterned strongly along both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, suggesting links between hierarchies of social advantage and health. Worse health among the most socially disadvantaged argues for policies prioritizing those groups, but pervasive gradient patterns also indicate a need to address a wider socioeconomic spectrum-which may help garner political support. Routine health reporting should examine socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns, jointly and separately.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                October 2012
                : 28
                : 10
                : 1903-1914
                Affiliations
                [01] Campinas orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Campinas orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Brasil
                Article
                S0102-311X2012001000009 S0102-311X(12)02801009
                10.1590/S0102-311X2012001000009
                23d077e3-6cbb-4451-8c8f-16ed9661a2e2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 April 2012
                : 17 April 2012
                : 24 November 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Article

                Iniquidade Social,Women's Health,Social Inequity,Health Inequalities,Saúde da Mulher,Desigualdades em Saúde

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