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      Utilidad de la traqueostomía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos: Experiencia de tres años

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          Abstract

          La traqueostomía es una técnica utilizada en las unidades de cuidados intensivos de adultos y niños. Las indicaciones en pediatría para algunas situaciones están claramente establecidas, pero la decisión y oportunidad de realizarla es muchas veces discutida y diferida, más aún si el paciente es pequeño. Objetivo: evaluar la indicación de la traqueostomía en la UCI pediátrica. Material y método: Se estudiaron 43 pacientes ingresados por diferentes enfermedades en un periodo de tres años en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, que requirieron traqueostomía. Resultados: La incidencia de traqueostomía en el período analizado fue del 2%. La causa más frecuente que determinó la realización de la misma fue la obstrucción de vía aérea superior postintubación endotraqueal (58%). Se realizó endoscopía previa en 15 de los 43 pacientes y resultó patológica en todos los casos. No hubo mortalidad vinculada a la técnica. En 70% de los pacientes se logró retirar la ventilación mecánica dentro de las 48 horas siguientes a la realización de la traqueostomía.

          Translated abstract

          Tracheostomy is a technique used in Pediatric and Adult Intensive Care Units. In pediatric patients the indications of tracheostomy are clearly established but the final decision and the opportunity is frequently a discussed and deffered, more so if the patient is small. Objective: evaluate the indication of the tracheostomy in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Material and methods: we studied 43 patients who required tracheostomy, affected by different clinical conditions, during a three year period, at the Children’s Intensive Care Unit at the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Results: the incidence of tracheostomy during the study period was 2%. The most frequent cause that determined the need for the procedure was upper airway obstruction post endotracheal intubation (58%). An endoscopy was performed prior to the procedure in 15 of the 43 patients and it was reported as pathological in all cases. The mortality related to the procedure was nil. In 70% of the cases mechanical ventilation was ended within the 48 hours after performing the tracheostomy.

          Translated abstract

          A traqueotomia é uma técnica utilizada na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos de adultos e crianças . As indicações em pediatria para algumas situações estão claramente estabelecidas ,porém,a decisão e oportunidade de realizá-la ,muitas vezes é discutida e diferida ainda mais se o paciente for pequeno. Objetivo: avaliar a indicação da traqueotomia numa UCI pediátrica e analisar se existem fatores que a favorecem. Material e método: trabalho prospectivo ,descritivo de 3 anos ao qual ingressaram todos os pacientes aos quais lhes foi praticada a mesma após o ingresso à UCIN , CTI pediátrico polivalente do Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell de Montevidéu , Uruguai. Resultados: a incidência de traqueotomia no período analisado foi de 2%. A causa mais freqüente que determinou a realização da mesma foi a obstrução da via áerea superior após a instalação da cânula endotraqueal (58%). A endoscopia prévia foi realizada em 15 dos 43 pacientes sendo patológica em todos os casos. A complicação mais freqüente foi a obstrução da cânula por secreções . Não houve mortalidade vinculada à técnica. No 70% dos pacientes a desconexão da AVM foi nas primeiras 48 horas de realizado o procedimento.

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          Most cited references12

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          Prediction and timing of tracheostomy in patients with infratentorial lesions requiring mechanical ventilatory support.

          To determine the frequency and predictors of successful extubations and tracheostomy in patients with infratentorial lesions requiring mechanical ventilation and to determine the optimal time for tracheostomy based on probability of successful extubation and in-hospital survival according to the duration of translaryngeal intubation. Retrospective chart review. A neurocritical care unit at a university hospital. A total of 69 patients with infratentorial lesions who were mechanically ventilated during their intensive care unit stay. Of the 69 patients who were mechanically ventilated, 23 (33%) were successfully extubated. In logistic regression analysis, both the presence of a Glasgow Coma Scale score >7 at time of intubation (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-21.7) and the absence of brainstem deficits (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-16.7), were independently associated with successful extubation. After extubation, 11 patients were reintubated; seven were reintubated within the same day because of poor control over secretions, airway spasm, or hypoventilation. Tracheostomy was performed in 23 (33%) patients, of whom 19 were successfully weaned off mechanical ventilatory support over a mean period of 3.7+/-4.0 days after tracheostomy. Patients undergoing tracheostomy had a significantly longer intensive care unit stay (19.1+/-9.0 vs. 8.7+/-6.6 days, p 8 days. An aggressive policy toward tracheostomy is justified based on the low frequency of successful extubations and high frequency of extubation failures and tracheostomies in patients with infratentorial lesions. The decision regarding tracheostomy should be made on day 8 of mechanical ventilatory support because of the low probability of subsequent extubation or in-hospital death.
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            Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy or conventional surgical tracheostomy?

            Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) is increasingly used in intensive care units (ICU), and it has a low incidence of complications. The aim of this study was to compare the costs, complications, and time consumption of PDT with that of conventional surgical tracheostomy (ST) when both procedures were performed in the ICU. The study was a prospective, randomized trial. The procedures were performed routinely in the ICU of Satakunta Central Hospital. During a 23-month period from December 1995 to November 1997, 30 patients underwent PDT and 26 patients had ST. In one patient, PDT was converted to ST. All patients were receiving ventilation in the ICU, and all tracheostomies were performed at the patient's bedside in the ICU. The Portex percutaneous tracheostomy kit was used for all PDTs. The mean time to perform PDT was 11 mins (SD, 6; range, 2-40), and the mean time to perform ST was 14 mins (SD, 6; range, 3-39). In the PDT group, five patients had moderate bleeding during the procedure. In three patients, the bleeding was resolved with compression; in one patient, it was resolved with ligation of the vessel; and in one patient, it was resolved with electrocoagulation. Bleeding did not cause any complications afterward. In the PDT group, one patient had minimal oozing from the wound edge on the first postoperative day and it was resolved spontaneously. In the ST group, there were no intraprocedural complications. One patient had bleeding from the wound on first postoperative day. The sutures were removed, and the bleeding vessel was ligated. The mean cost (in U. S. dollars) of PDT was $161 (SD, 10.4; range, $159-$219), and the mean cost of ST was $357 (SD, $74; range, $239-$599). The cost of PDT was significantly lower than the cost of ST (p < .001). We found that PDT is a cost-effective procedure in critically ill ICU patients. Although we performed ST at the bedside in the ICU to avoid the risks associated with moving critically ill patients to the operating room, we found PDT to be a simple and safe procedure.
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              Review of percutaneous tracheostomy.

              The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of the four known methods of percutaneous tracheostomy. Perioperative, postoperative, and late complication rates were generated for each method after a complete literature review identified 1684 percutaneous tracheostomy patients reported in 40 series. Two methods, the Toye and the guide wire dilator forceps (GWDF) methods, have been the subject of few investigations. Two other methods have been extensively studied. A high perioperative complication rate was calculated for the Rapitrac method, whereas percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) has complication rates similar to those reported for standard operative tracheostomy. A retrospective review of 22 patients who underwent PDT at a local community hospital confirmed a "learning curve" for this technique that had been previously suggested. Review of the literature suggests that PDT can be safe and cost-effective for selected patients, but a learning curve for this technique exists that dictates caution, experience, and preparation on the part of any surgeon who wishes to add percutaneous tracheostomy to his or her repertoire.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                adp
                Archivos de Pediatría del Uruguay
                Arch. Pediatr. Urug.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría (Montevideo )
                1688-1249
                June 2002
                : 73
                : 3
                : 137-139
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell
                [2 ] Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-12492002000300005
                241f9d4e-a3a1-42d3-b4dc-c5b345d5ceb4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-1249&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY
                MEDICAL ETHICS
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                MEDICINE, LEGAL
                PEDIATRICS
                SURGERY

                Social law,General medicine,Pediatrics,Surgery,Anesthesiology & Pain management,Internal medicine
                TRACHEOSTOMY,CRITICAL CARE,TRAQUEOSTOMíA,CUIDADOS CRíTICOS

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