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      Smart Phone, Smart Science: How the Use of Smartphones Can Revolutionize Research in Cognitive Science

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          Abstract

          Investigating human cognitive faculties such as language, attention, and memory most often relies on testing small and homogeneous groups of volunteers coming to research facilities where they are asked to participate in behavioral experiments. We show that this limitation and sampling bias can be overcome by using smartphone technology to collect data in cognitive science experiments from thousands of subjects from all over the world. This mass coordinated use of smartphones creates a novel and powerful scientific “instrument” that yields the data necessary to test universal theories of cognition. This increase in power represents a potential revolution in cognitive science.

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          Most cited references10

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          Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations.

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            National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement.

            About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.
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              A Diffusion Model Account of Criterion Shifts in the Lexical Decision Task.

              Performance in the lexical decision task is highly dependent on decision criteria. These criteria can be influenced by speed versus accuracy instructions and word/nonword proportions. Experiment 1 showed that error responses speed up relative to correct responses under instructions to respond quickly. Experiment 2 showed that that responses to less probable stimuli are slower and less accurate than responses to more probable stimuli. The data from both experiments support the diffusion model for lexical decision (Ratcliff, Gomez, & McKoon, 2004). At the same time, the data provide evidence against the popular deadline model for lexical decision. The deadline model assumes that "nonword" responses are given only after the "word" response has timed out - consequently, the deadline model cannot account for the data from experimental conditions in which "nonword" responses are systematically faster than "word" responses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2011
                28 September 2011
                : 6
                : 9
                : e24974
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CNRS, UMR 6146, Marseille, France
                [2 ]Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6146, Marseille, France
                [3 ]Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
                [4 ]Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
                [5 ]INSERM, U751, Marseille, France
                [6 ]International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [7 ]Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
                [8 ]Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
                [9 ]IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
                [10 ]CNRS and University Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
                [11 ]Universitat de València, València, Spain
                [12 ]Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
                [13 ]National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Japan
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: SD JD CM-T F-XA DB MB MC LF MK MP KR OS MY JZ JG. Analyzed the data: SD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JD CM-T DP F-XA MP OS MY. Wrote the paper: SD AM F-XA JZ JG. Edited the manuscript: DP DB MB KR. Promoted the applications: JD CM-T F-XA DP DB MB MC LF MP KR MY. Designed the software: SD OS.

                Article
                PONE-D-11-11808
                10.1371/journal.pone.0024974
                3182196
                21980370
                2469f20a-ccbb-4087-ba58-54d42a0b9e27
                Dufau et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                : 26 June 2011
                : 19 August 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 3
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Neuroscience
                Cognition
                Computer Science
                Information Technology
                Databases
                Engineering
                Software Engineering
                Software Design
                Medicine
                Mental Health
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Attention (Behavior)
                Cognitive Psychology
                Memory
                Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Attention (Behavior)
                Cognitive Psychology
                Memory

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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