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      Treatment and outcome of 370 cases with spontaneous or post‐laser twin anemia–polycythemia sequence managed in 17 fetal therapy centers

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective

          To investigate the antenatal management and outcome in a large international cohort of monochorionic twin pregnancies with spontaneous or post‐laser twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS).

          Methods

          This study analyzed data of monochorionic twin pregnancies diagnosed antenatally with spontaneous or post‐laser TAPS in 17 fetal therapy centers, recorded in the TAPS Registry between 2014 and 2019. Antenatal diagnosis of TAPS was based on fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity > 1.5 multiples of the median (MoM) in the TAPS donor and < 1.0 MoM in the TAPS recipient. The following antenatal management groups were defined: expectant management, delivery within 7 days after diagnosis, intrauterine transfusion (IUT) (with or without partial exchange transfusion (PET)), laser surgery and selective feticide. Cases were assigned to the management groups based on the first treatment that was received after diagnosis of TAPS. The primary outcomes were perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity. The secondary outcome was diagnosis‐to‐birth interval.

          Results

          In total, 370 monochorionic twin pregnancies were diagnosed antenatally with TAPS during the study period and included in the study. Of these, 31% ( n = 113) were managed expectantly, 30% ( n = 110) with laser surgery, 19% ( n = 70) with IUT (± PET), 12% ( n = 43) with delivery, 8% ( n = 30) with selective feticide and 1% ( n = 4) underwent termination of pregnancy. Perinatal mortality occurred in 17% (39/225) of pregnancies in the expectant‐management group, 18% (38/215) in the laser group, 18% (25/140) in the IUT (± PET) group, 10% (9/86) in the delivery group and in 7% (2/30) of the cotwins in the selective‐feticide group. The incidence of severe neonatal morbidity was 49% (41/84) in the delivery group, 46% (56/122) in the IUT (± PET) group, 31% (60/193) in the expectant‐management group, 31% (57/182) in the laser‐surgery group and 25% (7/28) in the selective‐feticide group. Median diagnosis‐to‐birth interval was longest after selective feticide (10.5 (interquartile range (IQR), 4.2–14.9) weeks), followed by laser surgery (9.7 (IQR, 6.6–12.7) weeks), expectant management (7.8 (IQR, 3.8–14.4) weeks), IUT (± PET) (4.0 (IQR, 2.0–6.9) weeks) and delivery (0.3 (IQR, 0.0–0.5) weeks). Treatment choice for TAPS varied greatly within and between the 17 fetal therapy centers.

          Conclusions

          Antenatal treatment for TAPS differs considerably amongst fetal therapy centers. Perinatal mortality and morbidity were high in all management groups. Prolongation of pregnancy was best achieved by expectant management, treatment by laser surgery or selective feticide. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

          Abstract

          This article's abstract has been translated into Spanish and Chinese. Follow the links from the abstract to view the translations.

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          RESUMEN

          El tratamiento y el resultado de 370 casos de anemia‐policitemia espontánea o postláser en gemelos tratados en 17 centros de terapia fetal

          Objetivo

          Investigar el tratamiento y los resultados prenatales en una gran cohorte internacional de embarazos de gemelos monocoriónicos con una secuencia espontánea o postláser de anemia‐policitemia en gemelos (TAPS, por sus siglas en inglés).

          Métodos

          Este estudio analizó datos de embarazos de gemelos monocoriónicos diagnosticados prenatalmente con TAPS espontáneo o postláser en 17 centros de terapia fetal, registrados en el Registro de TAPS entre 2014 y 2019. El diagnóstico prenatal de TAPS se basó en la velocidad sistólica máxima de la arteria cerebral media del feto >1,5 múltiplos de la mediana (MdM) en el donante de TAPS y <1.0 MdM en el recipiente. Se definieron los siguientes grupos de tratamiento prenatal: tratamiento como expectante, parto dentro de los 7 días posteriores al diagnóstico, transfusión intrauterina (TIU) (con o sin exanguinotransfusión parcial (ETP)), cirugía con láser y feticidio selectivo. Los casos se asignaron a los grupos de tratamiento en función del primer tratamiento recibido después del diagnóstico de TAPS. Los resultados principales fueron la mortalidad perinatal y la morbilidad neonatal grave. El resultado secundario fue el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el nacimiento.

          Resultados

          En total, se diagnosticaron 370 embarazos de gemelos monocoriónicos con TAPS durante el período de estudio, los cuales se incluyeron en el estudio. De ellos, el 31% (n=113) fueron tratados como expectante, el 30% (n=110) con cirugía láser, el 19% (n=70) con TIU (±}ETP), el 12% (n=43) con el parto, el 8% (n=30) con feticidio selectivo y el 1% (n=4) se sometió a una interrupción del embarazo. La mortalidad perinatal se produjo en el 17% (39/225) de los embarazos en el grupo de tratamiento como expectante, en el 18% (38/215) en el grupo de láser, en el 18% (25/140) en el grupo de TIU (±}ETP), en el 10% (9/86) en el grupo de parto y en el 7% (2/30) de los cogemelos en el grupo de feticidio selectivo. La incidencia de morbilidad neonatal grave fue del 49% (41/84) en el grupo de parto, del 46% (56/122) en el grupo de TIU (±}ETP), del 31% (60/193) en el grupo de tratamiento como expectante, del 31% (57/182) en el grupo de cirugía láser y del 25% (7/28) en el grupo de feticidio selectivo. La mediana del intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el nacimiento fue más larga después del feticidio selectivo (10,5 (amplitud intercuartílica (AIQ), 4,2‐14,9) semanas), seguida de la cirugía con láser (9,7 (AIQ, 6,6‐12,7) semanas), el manejo como expectante (7,8 (AIQ, 3,8‐14,4) semanas), la TIU (±}ETP) (4,0 (IQR, 2,0‐6,9) semanas) y el parto (0,3 (AIQ, 0,0‐0,5) semanas). La elección del tratamiento para la TAPS varió mucho dentro y entre los 17 centros de terapia fetal.

          Conclusiones

          El tratamiento prenatal para TAPS difiere considerablemente entre los centros de terapia fetal. La mortalidad y morbilidad perinatal fue alta en todos los grupos de tratamiento. La mejor manera de prolongar el embarazo fue mediante la gestión como expectante, el tratamiento con cirugía láser o el feticidio selectivo. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

          摘要

          在17家胎儿治疗中心管理的370例(自然发生的和发生在激光治疗术后的)双胎贫血红细胞增多序列症的治疗及预后

          目的

          在一大组单绒毛膜双胎妊娠(胎儿患有自然发生的或发生在激光治疗术后的双胎贫血红细胞增多序列症(TAPS))的国际孕妇群体中,调查产前管理及预后。

          方法

          本研究分析的数据收录于2014年至2019年间的TAPS登记册,来自于17家胎儿治疗中心内产前诊断为胎儿患有自然发生的或发生在激光治疗术后的TAPS的单绒毛膜双胎妊娠。TAPS的产前诊断基于胎儿大脑中动脉峰值流速在供血胎大于1.5 MoM和在受血胎小于1.0 MoM。以下产前管理组已得到定义:期待治疗、诊断后7天内分娩、子宫内输血(IUT)(或有或无部分换血(PET))、激光手术和选择性减胎术。根据TAPS诊断后接受首次治疗的情况将病例分配给管理组。主要结果是围产儿死亡率和严重新生儿发病率。次要结果是诊断至出生

          间隔。

          结果

          在研究期间总共有370例产前诊断为有TAPS的单绒毛膜双胎妊娠并且均被包含在本研究中。在这些病例中,对31%(113例)采用了期待治疗,30%(110例)采取了激光手术,19%(70例)采用了IUT(±}PET),12%(43例)进行了分娩、8%(30例)采取了选择性减胎术,还有1%(4例)采取了终止妊娠。围产儿死亡率在期待治疗组中为17%(39/225);在激光治疗组中为18%(38/215);在IUT(±}PET)组中为18%(25/140);在分娩组中为10%(9/86);而在选择性减胎术组的双胎中为7%(2/30)。严重新生儿发病率在分娩组中为49%(41/84);在IUT(±}PET)组中为46%(56/122);在期待治疗组中为31%(60/193);在激光治疗组中为31%(57/182);而在选择性减胎术组中为25%(7/28)。诊断至出生间隔中值最长(10.5(四分位数间距(IQR),4.2‐14.9)周)是在选择性减胎术后,其次是激光手术(9.7(IQR,6.6‐12.7)周),再次是期待治疗(7.8(IQR,3.8‐14.4)周)和出生(0.3(IQR,0.0‐0.5)周)。17家胎儿治疗中心内和各中心之间对TAPS的治疗选择有很大的不同。

          结论

          对TAPS的产前治疗在各胎儿治疗中心之间有相当大的不同。围产儿死亡率和发病率在所有管理组中都高。期待治疗、激光手术或选择性减胎术治疗最好地实现了延长妊娠时间。© 2020 作者。威利父子公司(John Wiley & Sons Ltd)代表国际妇产科超声学会(ISUOG)出版《国际妇产超声杂志》(Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology)。

          Related collections

          Most cited references18

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          Because of modern life-support systems capable of keeping tiny premature infants alive, retinopathy of prematurity has recurred. No classification system currently available adequately describes the observations of the disease being made today. A new classification system, the work of 23 ophthalmologists from 11 countries, is presented in an attempt to meet this need. It emphasizes the location and the extent of the disease in the retina as well as its stages. The term "plus" is employed with the stage to denote progressive vascular incompetence. A computer-compatible diagram for recording the results of the examination employing the new classification system is furnished.
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            The purpose of this study was to document pregnancy and neonatal outcome of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. This observational study describes a prospective series included in the first trimester in 2 centers of the Eurotwin2twin project. Of the 202 included twin pairs, 172 (85%) resulted in 2 survivors, 15 (7.5%) in 1 survivor, and 15 (7.5%) in no survivors. The mortality was 45 of 404 (11%), and 36 of 45 (80%) were fetal losses of 24 weeks or less, 5 of 45 (11%) between 24 weeks and birth, and 4 of 45 (9%) were neonatal deaths. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurred in 18 of 202 (9%). The mortality of TTTS was 20 of 36 (55%), which accounted for 20 of 45 (44%) of all losses. Severe discordant growth without TTTS occurred in 29 of 202 (14%). Its mortality was 5 of 58 (9%), which accounted for 5 of 45 (11%) of all losses. Major discordant congenital anomalies occurred in 12 of 202 (6%). Of the 178 pairs that continued after 24 weeks, 10 (6%) had severe hemoglobin differences at birth. After 32 weeks, the prospective risk of intrauterine demise was 2 in 161 pregnancies (1.2%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-4.6). Of the monochorionic twins recruited in the first trimester, 85% resulted in the survival of both twins, and 92.5% resulted in the survival of at least 1 twin. Most losses were at 24 weeks or less, and TTTS was the most important cause of death. After 32 weeks, the risk of intrauterine demise appears to be small.
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              Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence: diagnostic criteria, classification, perinatal management and outcome.

              Monochorionic twins share a single placenta with intertwin vascular anastomoses, allowing the transfer of blood from one fetus to the other and vice versa. These anastomoses are the essential anatomical substrate for the development of several complications, including twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS). TTTS and TAPS are both chronic forms of fetofetal transfusion. TTTS is characterized by the twin oligopolyhydramnios sequence, whereas TAPS is characterized by large intertwin hemoglobin differences in the absence of amniotic fluid discordances. TAPS may occur spontaneously in up to 5% of monochorionic twins and may also develop after incomplete laser treatment in TTTS cases. This review focuses on the pathogenesis, incidence, diagnostic criteria, management options and outcome in TAPS. In addition, we propose a classification system for antenatal and postnatal TAPS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                l.s.a.tollenaar@lumc.nl
                Journal
                Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
                Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
                10.1002/(ISSN)1469-0705
                UOG
                Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                0960-7692
                1469-0705
                01 September 2020
                September 2020
                : 56
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/uog.v56.3 )
                : 378-387
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Obstetrics, Division of Fetal therapy Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
                [ 2 ] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
                [ 3 ] Department of Obstetrics and Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, AP‐HP Paris France
                [ 4 ] Fetal Therapy Unit ‘U. Nicolini’, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital University of Milan Milan Italy
                [ 5 ] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg Cedex France
                [ 6 ] Fetal Medicine Unit, Ontario Fetal Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Canada
                [ 7 ] Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
                [ 8 ] Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust University of London London UK
                [ 9 ] Vascular Biology Research Centre Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London London UK
                [ 10 ] The Fetal Center, Department of Obstetrics, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UT Health, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Houston TX USA
                [ 11 ] Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical University of Graz, Graz Austria
                [ 12 ] Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
                [ 13 ] Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine Mater Mothers' Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
                [ 14 ] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
                [ 15 ] Acad. V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Moscow Russia
                [ 16 ] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
                [ 17 ] Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's and Children's Foundation Trust University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
                [ 18 ] Center for Fetal Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
                [ 19 ] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: Ms L. S. A. Tollenaar, Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Room J6‐150, Zone J6‐S, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands (e‐mail: l.s.a.tollenaar@ 123456lumc.nl )
                [†]

                Collaborators are listed at end of article.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-2295
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9884-5778
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-267X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2802-7670
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-5920
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7359-4853
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5813-8067
                Article
                UOG22042
                10.1002/uog.22042
                7497010
                2652cb42-b383-4e95-959a-8743f0532084
                © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 18 December 2019
                : 23 March 2020
                : 25 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Pages: 10, Words: 6626
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Original Papers
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                September 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.0 mode:remove_FC converted:11.09.2020

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                expectant management,intrauterine transfusion,laser surgery,monochorionic twins,selective feticide,taps,treatment,twin anemia–polycythemia sequence

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