Saliva biomarkers in neurological disorders: A “spitting image” of brain health?

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Abstract

In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we learn how biomarkers in saliva may be able to provide insight into the health of the brain and the central nervous system. We also discover how computational modeling can help to identify potential epitopes for vaccine development against Chlamydia, the world's most common sexually transmitted infection.

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Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases

Mohammad A. Javaid, Ahad S. Ahmed, Robert Durand … (2016)

Early disease detection is not only vital to reduce disease severity and prevent complications, but also critical to increase success rate of therapy. Saliva has been studied extensively as a potential diagnostic tool over the last decade due to its ease and non-invasive accessibility along with its abundance of biomarkers, such as genetic material and proteins. This review will update the clinician on recent advances in salivary biomarkers to diagnose autoimmune diseases (Sjogren's syndrome, cystic fibrosis), cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, HIV, oral cancer, caries and periodontal diseases. Considering their accuracy, efficacy, ease of use and cost effectiveness, salivary diagnostic tests will be available in dental offices. It is expected that the advent of sensitive and specific salivary diagnostic tools and the establishment of defined guidelines and results following rigorous testing will allow salivary diagnostics to be used as chair-side tests for several oral and systemic diseases in the near future.

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Comparative human salivary and plasma proteomes.

Cherubala P Ramachandran, W. Yan, J. Loo … (2010)

The protein compositions, or the proteomes, found in human salivary and plasma fluids are compared. From recent experimental work by many laboratories, a catalogue of 2290 proteins found in whole saliva has been compiled. This list of salivary proteins is compared with the 2698 proteins found in plasma. Approximately 27% of the whole-saliva proteins are found in plasma. However, despite this apparent low degree of overlap, the distribution found across Gene Ontological categories, such as molecular function, biological processes, and cellular components, shows significant similarities. Moreover, nearly 40% of the proteins that have been suggested to be candidate markers for diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke can be found in whole saliva. These comparisons and correlations should encourage researchers to consider the use of saliva to discover new protein markers of disease and as a diagnostic non-proximal fluid to detect early signs of disease throughout the body.

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Is Open Access

Food safety in the 21st century

Fred Fung, Huei-Shyong Wang, Suresh Menon (2018)

Food is essential to life, hence food safety is a basic human right. Billons of people in the world are at risk of unsafe food. Many millions become sick while hundreds of thousand die yearly. The food chain starts from farm to fork/plate while challenges include microbial, chemical, personal and environmental hygiene. Historically, documented human tragedies and economic disasters due to consuming contaminated food occurred as a result of intentional or unintentional personal conduct and governmental failure to safeguard food quality and safety. While earlier incidents were mainly chemical contaminants, more recent outbreaks have been due to microbial agents. The Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributed to these agents are most devastating to children younger than 5 years of age, the elderly and the sick. To ensure food safety and to prevent unnecessary foodborne illnesses, rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic agents is essential. Culture-based tests are being substituted by faster and sensitive culture independent diagnostics including antigen-based assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels. Innovative technology such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) coupled with nanoparticles can detect multiple target microbial pathogens' DNA or proteins using nucleic acids, antibodies and other biomarkers assays analysis. The food producers, distributors, handlers and vendors bear primary responsibility while consumers must remain vigilant and literate. Government agencies must enforce food safety laws to safeguard public and individual health. Medical providers must remain passionate to prevent foodborne illnesses and may consider treating diseases with safe diet therapy under proper medical supervision. The intimate collaboration between all the stakeholders will ultimately ensure food safety in the 21st century.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Emma Louise Walton

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed J

Title: Biomedical Journal

Publisher: Chang Gung University

ISSN (Print): 2319-4170

ISSN (Electronic): 2320-2890

Publication date PMC-release: 21 May 2018

Publication date (Print): April 2018

Publication date (Electronic): 21 May 2018

Volume: 41

Issue: 2

Pages: 59-62

Affiliations

[1]Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway

Author notes

[∗ ] Corresponding author. ewalton86@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: S2319-4170(18)30185-9

DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.04.005

PMC ID: 6138760

PubMed ID: 29866602

SO-VID: 2816507d-39da-4338-a785-ded697272cc8

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Saliva biomarkers in neurological disorders: A “spitting image” of brain health?

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Most cited references 25

Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases

Comparative human salivary and plasma proteomes.

Food safety in the 21st century

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