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      Acetylcholinesterase activity, antioxidant defenses, and lipid peroxidation in the clam Semele solida: Can this species be used as a bioindicator? Translated title: Actividad acetilcolinesterasa, defensas antioxidativas y peroxidación lipídica en el molusco bivalvo Semele solida: esta especie ¿Podría ser utilizada como bioindicador?

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          Abstract

          We analyzed the relationships between biochemical parameters: acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE); glutathione S-transferase activity (GST); glutathione concentration (GSH) and lipid peroxidation; in the bivalve mollusc Semele solida, with the effects of environmental stress (anthropogenic activity), from three estuaries in Eastern South Pacific bays: Coliumo estuary (in Coliumo Bay), Lenga estuary (in San Vicente Bay) and Andalién estuary (in Concepción Bay). Coliumo is the estuary with minor environmental stress. Thirty juveniles from each site were selected for individual analyses in homogenized of gill or digestive gland tissue to assess AChE activity, GST activity, GSH concentration, malonyldialdehyde concentration (MDA) (lipid peroxidation), and protein content. The biochemical parameters analyzed in specimens from Coliumo estuary, differed significantly from that in Andalién estuary, with lower AChE activity in gill tissue (2189.9 ± 189.6 µmol min¹mg protein¹) and intracellular GSH levels (59.8 ± 13.3 µM), and the highest lipid peroxidation (31.9 ± 7.4 nmol MDA mL¹) and GST activity (614.9 ± 92.3 µmol min¹mg protein¹). The biochemical parameters in S. solida were closely related to the sector's stress. Due to this bivalve sensitivity, is recommended as bioindicator for use in programs of environmental alertness in the Eastern South Pacific coastal zone.

          Translated abstract

          Se evalúa en terreno un conjunto de parámetros bioquímicos: actividad acetilcolinesterasa (AChE), glutation-S-transferasa (GST), concentración de glutation (GSH) y peroxidación lipídica, en el molusco bivalvo Semele solida, con el objeto de analizar su relación con el efecto del estrés ambiental generada por la actividad antrópica, en tres estuarios del Pacífico Sureste: estuario Coliumo (Bahía Coliumo), estuario Lenga (Bahía San Vicente) y estuario Andalién (Bahía Concepción). Coliumo es el estuario con menor estrés ambiental. Para ello, se seleccionó 30 individuos juveniles de S. solida desde cada sitio. Se analizó en el homogenizado de branquias o tejido digestivo de cada individuo: actividad AChE; actividad GST, concentración GSH, concentración de malonildialdehído (peroxidación lipídica) y contenido de proteínas. Los parámetros bioquímicos analizados en los organismos recolectados en el estuario Coliumo difirieron significativamente de los recolectados en el estuario Andalién, los que presentaron menor actividad AChE en tejido branquial (2189,9 ± 189,6 µmol min¹mg proteína¹) y concentración intracelular de GSH (59,8 ± 13,3 µM) y en glándula digestiva mayor actividad GST (614,9 ± 92,3 µmol min¹mg proteína¹) y mayor grado de peroxidación lipídica (31,9 ± 7,4 nmol MDA mL¹). Se observó una estrecha relación entre la respuesta de los parámetros bioquímicos analizados en S. solida y el nivel de estres ambiental presente en el área. Dado la sensibilidad de S. solida respecto de los parámetros analizados, se recomienda utilizar a esta especie como bioindicador en programas de vigilancia ambiental en la zona costera del Pacífico sureste.

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          A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding

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            A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity

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              Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review.

              In this review, a wide array of bioaccumulation markers and biomarkers, used to demonstrate exposure to and effects of environmental contaminants, has been discussed in relation to their feasibility in environmental risk assessment (ERA). Fish bioaccumulation markers may be applied in order to elucidate the aquatic behavior of environmental contaminants, as bioconcentrators to identify certain substances with low water levels and to assess exposure of aquatic organisms. Since it is virtually impossible to predict the fate of xenobiotic substances with simple partitioning models, the complexity of bioaccumulation should be considered, including toxicokinetics, metabolism, biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), organ-specific bioaccumulation and bound residues. Since it remains hard to accurately predict bioaccumulation in fish, even with highly sophisticated models, analyses of tissue levels are required. The most promising fish bioaccumulation markers are body burdens of persistent organic pollutants, like PCBs and DDTs. Since PCDD and PCDF levels in fish tissues are very low as compared with the sediment levels, their value as bioaccumulation markers remains questionable. Easily biodegradable compounds, such as PAHs and chlorinated phenols, do not tend to accumulate in fish tissues in quantities that reflect the exposure. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been successfully used to mimic bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic substances in aquatic organisms. In order to assess exposure to or effects of environmental pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, the following suite of fish biomarkers may be examined: biotransformation enzymes (phase I and II), oxidative stress parameters, biotransformation products, stress proteins, metallothioneins (MTs), MXR proteins, hematological parameters, immunological parameters, reproductive and endocrine parameters, genotoxic parameters, neuromuscular parameters, physiological, histological and morphological parameters. All fish biomarkers are evaluated for their potential use in ERA programs, based upon six criteria that have been proposed in the present paper. This evaluation demonstrates that phase I enzymes (e.g. hepatic EROD and CYP1A), biotransformation products (e.g. biliary PAH metabolites), reproductive parameters (e.g. plasma VTG) and genotoxic parameters (e.g. hepatic DNA adducts) are currently the most valuable fish biomarkers for ERA. The use of biomonitoring methods in the control strategies for chemical pollution has several advantages over chemical monitoring. Many of the biological measurements form the only way of integrating effects on a large number of individual and interactive processes in aquatic organisms. Moreover, biological and biochemical effects may link the bioavailability of the compounds of interest with their concentration at target organs and intrinsic toxicity. The limitations of biomonitoring, such as confounding factors that are not related to pollution, should be carefully considered when interpreting biomarker data. Based upon this overview there is little doubt that measurements of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in fish from contaminated sites offer great promises for providing information that can contribute to environmental monitoring programs designed for various aspects of ERA.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                revbiolmar
                Revista de biología marina y oceanografía
                Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.
                Universidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (Valparaíso, , Chile )
                0718-1957
                August 2010
                : 45
                : 2
                : 227-233
                Affiliations
                [01] Concepción orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas orgdiv2Departamento de Oceanografía Chile
                [02] Concepción orgnameUniversidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Departamento de Química Ambiental Chile annyr@ 123456ucsc.cl
                Article
                S0718-19572010000200004 S0718-1957(10)04500204
                10.4067/S0718-19572010000200004
                28f1d52c-3c43-4352-a96a-b83bcd6da801

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 September 2009
                : 14 April 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                programas de vigilancia ambiental,bivalvos marinos,biomarcadores,Bioindicadores,programs of environmental alertness,marine bivalves,bioindicadores,Biomarkers

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