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      Fluorescent‐guided surgery for sentinel lymph node detection in gastric cancer and carcinoembryonic antigen targeted fluorescent‐guided surgery in colorectal and pancreatic cancer

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          Abstract

          Sentinel lymph node procedures for gastric cancer resections using indocyanine green (ICG) linked to Nanocoll outperformed normal ICG but did not provide information on possible lymph node metastasis. Carcinoembryonic antigen targeted fluorescent imaging using SGM‐101 was successful in both pancreatic and colorectal cancer. A large phase III multicentre trial will soon be initiated in colorectal cancer patients.

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          Comparison of adjuvant gemcitabine and capecitabine with gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with resected pancreatic cancer (ESPAC-4): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.

          The ESPAC-3 trial showed that adjuvant gemcitabine is the standard of care based on similar survival to and less toxicity than adjuvant 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. Other clinical trials have shown better survival and tumour response with gemcitabine and capecitabine than with gemcitabine alone in advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine and capecitabine compared with gemcitabine monotherapy for resected pancreatic cancer.
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            New technologies for human cancer imaging.

            Despite technical advances in many areas of diagnostic radiology, the detection and imaging of human cancer remains poor. A meaningful impact on cancer screening, staging, and treatment is unlikely to occur until the tumor-to-background ratio improves by three to four orders of magnitude (ie, 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold), which in turn will require proportional improvements in sensitivity and contrast agent targeting. This review analyzes the physics and chemistry of cancer imaging and highlights the fundamental principles underlying the detection of malignant cells within a background of normal cells. The use of various contrast agents and radiotracers for cancer imaging is reviewed, as are the current limitations of ultrasound, x-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging. Innovative technologies are emerging that hold great promise for patients, such as positron emission mammography of the breast and spectroscopy-enhanced colonoscopy for cancer screening, hyperpolarization MRI and time-of-flight PET for staging, and ion beam-induced PET scanning and near-infrared fluorescence-guided surgery for cancer treatment. This review explores these emerging technologies and considers their potential impact on clinical care. Finally, those cancers that are currently difficult to image and quantify, such as ovarian cancer and acute leukemia, are discussed.
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              Image-guided surgery using invisible near-infrared light: fundamentals of clinical translation.

              The field of biomedical optics has matured rapidly over the last decade and is poised to make a significant impact on patient care. In particular, wide-field (typically > 5 cm), planar, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging has the potential to revolutionize human surgery by providing real-time image guidance to surgeons for tissue that needs to be resected, such as tumors, and tissue that needs to be avoided, such as blood vessels and nerves. However, to become a clinical reality, optimized imaging systems and NIR fluorescent contrast agents will be needed. In this review, we introduce the principles of NIR fluorescence imaging, analyze existing NIR fluorescence imaging systems, and discuss the key parameters that guide contrast agent development. We also introduce the complexities surrounding clinical translation using our experience with the Fluorescence-Assisted Resection and Exploration (FLARE™) imaging system as an example. Finally, we introduce state-of-the-art optical imaging techniques that might someday improve image-guided surgery even further.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.l.vahrmeijer@lumc.nl
                Journal
                J Surg Oncol
                J Surg Oncol
                10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9098
                JSO
                Journal of Surgical Oncology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0022-4790
                1096-9098
                14 September 2018
                01 August 2018
                : 118
                : 2 , Seminar: Image‐guided Cancer Surgery ( doiID: 10.1002/jso.v118.2 )
                : 315-323
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Surgery Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence Alexander L. Vahrmeijer, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Email: a.l.vahrmeijer@ 123456lumc.nl

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-0011
                Article
                JSO25139
                10.1002/jso.25139
                6175076
                30216455
                297fe53e-37d3-4b0e-8d66-75ab07ac7d07
                © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Surgical Oncology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-n/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 27 March 2018
                : 29 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 9, Words: 7023
                Categories
                Review Article
                Review Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jso25139
                August 1, 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.5.0 mode:remove_FC converted:08.10.2018

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                lymphatic metastasis,molecular imaging,pancreatic neoplasm,rectal neoplasm

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