Helminth parasites of the endangered hooded grebe, Podiceps gallardoi, from Patagonia Argentina, with the description of two new digenean species

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Abstract

In March 2011, a predator killed 33 hooded grebes, Podiceps gallardoi Rumboll (Podicipedidae), a critically endangered species, in a nesting colony at El Cervecero Lake, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The viscera of ten birds were examined for helminths. Two new species of Trematoda were recovered from the intestines. The plagiorchid Plagiorchis patagonensis n. sp. is mainly characterized by the larger size of the oral sucker relative to the ventral sucker, and by the distribution of the vitellarium in two lateral fields, confluent between the caecal bifurcation and the ventral sucker. The echinostomatid Euparyphium tobianum n. sp. is mainly characterized by possessing a head collar with 37–39 spines (4 angle spines on each ventral lappet, 4 lateral spines in a single row on each side, and 21–23 dorsal spines in a double row). An unidentified cestode, a tetramerid nematode and a notocotylid trematode were also recovered from the birds. This is the first record of helminths parasitizing the hooded grebe.

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Trematode parasites (Platyhelminthes) of wildlife vertebrates in Mexico

GERARDO PÉREZ-PONCE DE LEÓN, LUIS GARCÍA-PRIETO, BERENIT MENDOZA-GARFIAS (2007)

Trematodes are one of the world’s most diverse groups of parasitic platyhelminths found in vertebrates. In this book, a parasite-host list, including all species of trematodes recorded in Mexican wildlife, is presented. These parasites have been studied since the 1930s. The first description of a trematode species was published in 1932. After 75 years of taxonomic research on this group, a total number of 624 species belonging to 311 genera and 78 families have been recorded, with a very high percentage of endemicity, since almost 30% represented new species. The inventory presented here results from several years of data compilation obtained from original sources, from various published accounts (Bachelor´s and graduate student’s thesis, book chapters, peer-reviewed publications, etc.), to database information from parasite collections. In this contribution, we present the most updated inventory of this parasitic group, including not only taxonomic information related to each trematode species, but also information about their host(s) and geographical distribution. Most of the records of trematodes we present in the book include remarks or taxonomical comments. These comments are related with their systematic position within current classification schemes, and in some occasions they correspond to synonymies. In all cases the original reference is presented so reader may want to check on the original source. Drawings of representative species of each trematode family presented in the book are shown, as well as pictures of some type-specimens that show some part of the morphological diversity of this group of parasites. A general overview of the information we have gathered thus far indicates that sampling effort has been unequal regarding vertebrate group studied and geographical distribution. Clearly fish, including marine, brackish and freshwater, have been more extensively studied than any other group of vertebrates, and the northern region of the country has been poorly sampled for helminth parasites within all vertebrate groups. The inventory of vertebrate trematodes in Mexico is far from complete. As a result, it is currently not possible to estimate the size of the fauna (i.e. the number of species present), but available information allows for assessments of general biodiversity patterns and the potential for estimates, as a result of inventory compilation and appropriate methodologies, of the number of species arising in the near future. The main intention of this book is to present the information we have compiled thus far. This information is found in 568 published accounts, and no previous effort has been made to organize and analyze this enormous amount of data. We are confident that this work will contribute to our knowledge of this parasitic group and settles the stage for future research regarding host-parasite interactions between trematodes and their vertebrate hosts in one of the most important, from a biogeographical perspective, regions of the world. Mexico occupies a transitional position between Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographical regions, so future trematode research may be focused on understanding species distribution, once a more complete inventory is generated.

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Molecular and morphological differentiation between species of the Plagiorchis vespertilionis group (Digenea, Plagiorchiidae) occurring in European bats, with a re-description of P. vespertilionis (Müller, 1780)

Vasyl Tkach, Jan Pawlowski, Viktor P. Sharpilo (2000)

The taxonomic history of the species of Plagiorchis Lühe, 1899 occurring in European bats has been very confused because of high morphological similarity between different forms/species and the inadequate initial description of P. vespertilionis (Müller, 1780). As morphological data alone have not provided enough convincing arguments to solve the problem, the sequences from the nuclear rDNA ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of three species of the P. vespertilionis group (P. vespertilionis, P. muelleri Tkach & Sharpilo, 1990 and P. koreanus Ogata, 1938) occurring in European bats were used to test the validity of these species and evaluate some of the morphological characters used for the species differentiation within this group. P. elegans from birds was used as the outgroup in the analysis. All three ingroup species were clearly distinguishable using ITS sequences. Among them, P. koreanus occupied a basal position, while P. vespertilionis and P. muelleri appeared as a cluster of two closely related, derived species. ITS sequences of the specimens obtained from different hosts and/or geographical areas did not exhibit any intraspecific variability. Morphological study of the material in collections revealed characters which enable the species of Plagiorchis from bats in Europe to be distinguished. Taking into account that the type-material of P. vespertilionis. described during the 18th Century, has been lost, for nomenclatural stability, a neotype is established and described. An amended description of the type-material of P. muelleri and keys for the determination of Plagiorchis spp. from European bats are presented.

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Isthmiophora Lühe, 1909 and Euparyphium Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) re-defined, with comments on their nominal species.

Aneta Kostadinova, David I Gibson (2002)

The validity of Isthmiophora Lühe, 1909 in relation to Euparyphium Dietz, 1909 is discussed and confirmed. Isthmiophora melis Schrank, 1788) [the type-species] and I. inermis (Fuhrmann, 1904) n. comb. are redescribed, and diagnoses are given for both genera, along with lists of their presently-accepted constituent species which are commented upon where necessary. A similar list of species previously allocated to these genera is also presented with comments on their current status. A key to the species of Isthmiophora is included. New combinations for species previously attributed to Euparyphium are: Isthmiophora inermis (Fuhrmann, 1904) n. comb., I. beaveri (Yamaguti, 1958) n. comb., I. lukjanovi (Chertkova, 1971) n. comb., I. citellicola (Kadenatsii in Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956) n. comb., I. hortensis (Asada, 1926) n. comb., Echinostoma pindchi (Khan & Chishti, 1985) n. comb., Echinoparyphium tripathii (Gupta & Gupta, 1982) n. comb., E. hirundonis (Fischthal & Kuntz, 1976) n. comb., and Hypoderaeum longitestis (Verma, 1936) n. comb. Species attributed to Euparyphium which are here considered species inquirendae are: E. lobata Farooq & Yousuf, 1986 sp. inq., E. ochoterenai Cerecero, 1943 sp. inq., E. sobolevi Ryzhikov, 1965 sp. inq., and E. taiwanense Fischthal & Kuntz, 1976 sp. inq.