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      Prognostic impact of p53, c-erbB-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor on head and neck carcinoma Translated title: Impacto prognóstico de p53, c-erbB-2 e receptor epidermal do fator de crescimento no carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT:

          p53, c-erbB-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are cancer-related proteins that are usually expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Their prognostic value remains controversial.

          OBJECTIVE:

          To evaluate the prognostic impact of p53, c-erbB-2 and EGFR expression in head and neck SCC.

          TYPE OF STUDY:

          Prospective.

          SETTING:

          Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo.

          METHODS:

          Fifty-four patients were studied for p53, c-erbB-2 and EGFR expression in head and neck SCC and adjacent mucosa, via immunohistochemistry. These data were correlated with histoclinical data and survival.

          RESULTS:

          There was a direct association of p53 expression in SCC and mucosa (p = 0.001); loss of c-erbB-2 expression (-) from normal mucosa to SCC (p = 0.04); lower frequency of association of c-erbB-2 (+) with EGFR (-) in SCC (p = 0.02); and a direct association of EGFR (+) expression in SCC and mitotic index (p = 0.03). The 60-month actuarial survival rates for patients presenting lymph node metastasis were higher when there was no capsule rupture by SCC (48.3%; p = 0.02), no more than one positive lymph node (52.3%; p = 0.004) or clear surgical margins (47.0%; p = 0.01), in comparison with patients presenting capsule rupture (20.2%), two or more positive lymph nodes (18.7%) or compromised surgical margins (0.0%), respectively. Patients presenting SCC p53 (+) and EGFR (-) demonstrated greater survival (75.0%; p = 0.03) than for the remaining group (33.1%). Multivariate analysis confirmed the positive impact of p53 (+) and EGFR (-) on survival (p = 0.02).

          DISCUSSION:

          Associations were found for p53, c-erbB-2 and EGFR expression with histoclinical data and prognosis. Interestingly, these results suggest that loss of mucosal c-erbB-2 expression could be involved in SCC carcinogenesis; EGFR expression in SCC is related to tumor mitotic index; and presence of p53 with absence of EGFR expression in head and neck SCC may be a prognostic factor for survival.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          Further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the influence of p53, c-erbB-2 and EGFR on histoclinical data and prognosis.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO:

          p53, c-erbB-2 e receptor epidermal do fator de crescimento (EGFR) são proteínas associadas ao câncer, geralmente expressas nos carcinomas espinocelulares (CEC) de cabeça e pescoço, porém seu valor prognóstico permanece controverso.

          OBJETIVO:

          Avaliar o impacto prognóstico da expressão de p53, c-erbB-2 and EGFR nos CECCP.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO:

          Prospectivo.

          LOCAL:

          Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo.

          MÉTODOS:

          A expressão de p53, c-erbB-2 and EGFR em CECCP e mucosas de 54 pacientes foram estudadas por imunoistoquímica e estes dados foram correlacionados com dados histoclínicos e sobrevida.

          RESULTADOS:

          Foram observadas: associação direta da expressão de p53 em CEC e mucosas (p = 0,001); perda da expressão de c-erbB-2 (-) da mucosa normal para o CEC (p = 0,04); menor freqüência da associação da expressão de c-erbB-2 positivo com EGFR negativo nos CEC (p = 0,02); e entre o EGFR positivo e o índice mitótico (p = 0,03). A sobrevida atuarial para 60 meses foi maior para os pacientes que apresentavam disseminação para gânglios no pescoço sem ruptura capsular (48.3% p = 0,02), até um gânglio positivo (52.3%, p = 0,004), e margens cirúrgicas livres (47.0%, p = 0,01), quando comparadas aos pacientes que apresentavam ruptura capsular nos gânglios do pescoço (20,2%), dois ou mais gânglios positivos (18,7%), e margens cirúrgicas comprometidas (0,0%), respectivamente. Pacientes apresentando CEC p53 positivo e EGFR negativo apresentaram uma sobrevida maior (75.0%, p = 0,03) quando comparados ao grupo de pacientes remanescentes (33,1%). A análise multivariada confirmou o impacto positivo de p53 positivo e EGFR negativo na sobrevida (p = 0,02).

          DISCUSSÃO:

          Este estudo encontrou associações da expressão de p53, c-erbB-2 e EGFR com dados histoclínicos e com o prognóstico. De especial interesse, os resultados sugerem que a perda da expressão mucosa de c-erbB-2 pode estar envolvida com a carcinogênese; que a expressão de EGFR está relacionada com o índice mitótico dos CEC e que a presença da expressão de p53 com perda da expressão de EGFR nos CEC pode ser um fator prognóstico.

          CONCLUSÕES:

          Estudos propectivos adicionais devem ser realizados para confirmar a influência de p53, c-erbB-2 e EGFR nos dados histoclínicos e na sobrevida.

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          Most cited references45

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          Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures.

          The use of avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques provides a simple and sensitive method to localize antigens in formalin-fixed tissues. Among the several staining procedures available, the ABC method, which involves an application of biotin-labeled secondary antibody followed by the addition of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, gives a superior result when compared to the unlabeled antibody method. The availability of biotin-binding sites in the complex is created by the incubation of a relative excess of avidin with biotin-labeled peroxidase. During formation of the complex, avidin acts as a bridge between biotin-labeled peroxidase molecules; and biotin-labeled peroxidase molecules, which contains several biotin moieties, serve as a link between the avidin molecules. Consequently, a "lattice" complex containing several peroxidase molecules is likely formed. Binding of this complex to the biotin moieties associated with secondary antibody results in a high staining intensity.
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            EGFR and cancer prognosis.

            Elevated levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a growth-factor-receptor tyrosine kinase, and/or its cognate ligands have been identified as a common component of multiple cancer types and appear to promote solid tumour growth. This article examines the relationship between EGFR expression and cancer prognosis based on literature compiled on PubMed between 1985 and September 2000. More than 200 studies were identified that analysed relapse-free-interval or survival data directly in relation to EGFR levels in over 20000 patients. Analysis of the data showed that 10 cancer types both express elevated levels of EGFR relative to normal tissues and have been studied in sufficient depth to allow sound judgements to be made concerning the association between EGFR and patient outlook. The EGFR was found to act as a strong prognostic indicator in head and neck, ovarian, cervical, bladder and oesophageal cancers. In these cancers, increased EGFR expression was associated with reduced recurrence-free or overall survival rates in 70% (52/74) of studies. In gastric, breast, endometrial and colorectal cancers, the EGFR provided more modest prognostic information, correlating to poor survival rates in 52% (13/25) of studies, while in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), EGFR expression only rarely (3/10 studies) related to patient outlook. However, it is likely that the true prognostic significance of the EGFR has been underestimated as the published studies only assessed total cellular EGFR levels, rather than the activated form of the receptor, and were not standardised with regard to patient populations or assay methods. Finally, it is important to stress that failure to detect a prognostic significance for EGFR in any one cancer type does not necessarily preclude patients from benefiting from anti-EGFR therapies.
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              Anti-(epidermal growth factor) receptor monoclonal antibodies for the induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against squamous cell carcinoma lines of the head and neck.

              Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) frequently display high levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Since EGFR is expressed on the cell surface it may form a suitable target for anticancer therapy with anti-receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Besides the interference with receptor/ligand interactions, binding of mAb to EGFR leads to immunoglobulin-coated tumour cells that may induce or enhance non-specific immune effector mechanisms like antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In established cell lines of SCCHN (UM-SCC 11B, 14C, 22B, and 8029 NA) we investigated the antitumour activity of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in combination with rat (ICR 62), mouse (EMD 55900), and humanized (EMD 72000) anti-EGFR mAb. In addition, autologous PBMC were available for tumour line UD-SCC 4. The EGFR protein content of the tumour cell lines ranged between 170 fmol/mg protein and 8100 fmol/mg protein, and MCF-7 cells served as receptor-negative controls. PBMC activity against SCCHN targets was determined in 96-well microtitre-plate monolayer cultures by the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after coincubation for 4 h, 24 h and 72 h at effector target ratios of 1:1, 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1. PBMC subpopulations were obtained by macrophage depletion (plastic adherence) or natural killer (NK) cell enrichment (magnetic bead negative selection). Prolonged time of exposure and increased effector:target ratios revealed marked antitumour activity of PBMC alone. This non-specific immune destruction was enhanced considerably by humanized and rat, but not mouse anti-EGFR mAb. Increased EGFR protein in tumour cells partly correlated with an intensification of ADCC but was accompanied by decreased primary PBMC cytotoxicity. The utilization of PBMC subpopulations suggested a mainly NK-cell-mediated ADCC, which appeared to benefit directly or indirectly, e.g. via the secretion of cytokines, from other PBMC components. In conclusion, humanized (EMD 72000) and rat (ICR 62) anti-EGFR mAb were able to generate strong antitumour ADCC in target monolayers of SCCHN.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                04 November 2004
                2004
                : 122
                : 6
                : 264-268
                Author notes
                [Address for correspondence: ] Orlando Parise Junior R. Dona Adma Jafet, 50 – conjunto 124 São Paulo (SP) – Brasil – CEP 01308-050 Tel. (+55 11) 3256-5495 Fax (+55 11) 3773-6399 E-mail: oparise@ 123456uol.com.br

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/S1516-31802004000600007
                11126177
                15692721
                2a9590c5-70fe-4e33-9b88-1579384a20e9

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 15 December 2003
                : 03 March 2004
                : 09 June 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Original Article

                squamous cell carcinoma,genes p53,genes c-erbb-2,protein p53,protein c-erbb-2,carcinoma espinocelular,proteína p53,proteína c-erbb-2

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