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      A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins

      review-article
      Author(s): a , d , c , a , b , d , * , a , b , c , **
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Phytomedicine
      Publisher: Elsevier GmbH.
      Keywords: Saikosaponin, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Metabolism, TCM, Chinese Traditional Medicine, SS, Saikosaponin, RB, Radix Bupleuri, HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography, LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, TNFα, tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, interleukin 1β, cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2, PGE2, prostaglandins E 2, LPS, lipopolysaccharide, ROS, reactive oxygen species, NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, HSCs, hepatic stellate cells, MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase, HBV, hepatitis B virus, HCV, hepatitis C virus, P-gp, P-glycoprotein 1

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          Abstract

          Background

          Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects.

          Purpose

          To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs.

          Methods

          Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of “Saikosaponin”, “Radix Bupleuri”, “Bupleurum” and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included.

          Results

          354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown.

          Conclusion

          This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.

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          Genome Structure of the Legume, Lotus japonicus

          Shusei Sato, Yasukazu Nakamura, Takakazu Kaneko … (2008)
          The legume Lotus japonicus has been widely used as a model system to investigate the genetic background of legume-specific phenomena such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Here, we report structural features of the L. japonicus genome. The 315.1-Mb sequences determined in this and previous studies correspond to 67% of the genome (472 Mb), and are likely to cover 91.3% of the gene space. Linkage mapping anchored 130-Mb sequences onto the six linkage groups. A total of 10 951 complete and 19 848 partial structures of protein-encoding genes were assigned to the genome. Comparative analysis of these genes revealed the expansion of several functional domains and gene families that are characteristic of L. japonicus. Synteny analysis detected traces of whole-genome duplication and the presence of synteny blocks with other plant genomes to various degrees. This study provides the first opportunity to look into the complex and unique genetic system of legumes.
          Article 0 comments Cited 260 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Jasmonic acid is a signal transducer in elicitor-induced plant cell cultures.

            Jens Gundlach, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, M H Zenk … (1992)
            To deter pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores, plants have developed an inducible chemical defense system. It is known that the induced synthesis of low molecular weight compounds can be provoked by exposing cultured cells to fungal cell wall fragments. In this study we show that endogenous jasmonic acid and its methyl ester accumulate rapidly and transiently after treatment of plant cell suspension cultures of Rauvolfia canescens and Eschscholtzia californica with a yeast elicitor. Thirty-six plant species tested in cell suspension culture could be elicited with respect to the accumulation of secondary metabolites by exogenously supplied methyl jasmonate. Addition of methyl jasmonate initiates de novo transcription of genes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, that are known to be involved in the chemical defense mechanisms of plants. These data demonstrate the integral role of jasmonic acid and its derivatives in the intracellular signal cascade that begins with interaction of an elicitor molecule with the plant cell surface and results, ultimately, in the accumulation of secondary compounds.
            Article 0 comments Cited 148 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Comparative genomics of rice and Arabidopsis. Analysis of 727 cytochrome P450 genes and pseudogenes from a monocot and a dicot.

              Danièle Werck-Reichhart, Linda Schuler, Karen Nelson … (2004)
              Data mining methods have been used to identify 356 Cyt P450 genes and 99 related pseudogenes in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome using sequence information available from both the indica and japonica strains. Because neither of these genomes is completely available, some genes have been identified in only one strain, and 28 genes remain incomplete. Comparison of these rice genes with the 246 P450 genes and 26 pseudogenes in the Arabidopsis genome has indicated that most of the known plant P450 families existed before the monocot-dicot divergence that occurred approximately 200 million years ago. Comparative analysis of P450s in the Pinus expressed sequence tag collections has identified P450 families that predated the separation of gymnosperms and flowering plants. Complete mapping of all available plant P450s onto the Deep Green consensus plant phylogeny highlights certain lineage-specific families maintained (CYP80 in Ranunculales) and lineage-specific families lost (CYP92 in Arabidopsis) in the course of evolution.
              Article 0 comments Cited 120 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Runping Liu
                Rong Sun
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Phytomedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Phytomedicine
                Title: Phytomedicine
                Publisher: Elsevier GmbH.
                ISSN (Print): 0944-7113
                ISSN (Electronic): 1618-095X
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 September 2018
                Publication date (Print): 15 November 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 September 2018
                Volume: 50
                Pages: 73-87
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
                [b ]The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
                [c ]Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
                [d ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0944-7113(18)30455-0
                DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174
                PMC ID: 7126585
                PubMed ID: 30466994
                SO-VID: 2afa155d-ecbc-4a64-bfac-4e243266979c
                Copyright © © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 28 June 2018
                Date revision received : 14 August 2018
                Date accepted : 17 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: saikosaponin,pharmacology,toxicology,metabolism,tcm, chinese traditional medicine,ss, saikosaponin,rb, radix bupleuri,hplc, high performance liquid chromatography,lc-ms, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer,tnfα, tumor necrosis factor,il-1β, interleukin 1β,cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2,pge2, prostaglandins e 2,lps, lipopolysaccharide,ros, reactive oxygen species,nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells,hscs, hepatic stellate cells,mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase,hbv, hepatitis b virus,hcv, hepatitis c virus,p-gp, p-glycoprotein 1
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: saikosaponin, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, tcm, chinese traditional medicine, ss, saikosaponin, rb, radix bupleuri, hplc, high performance liquid chromatography, lc-ms, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, tnfα, tumor necrosis factor, il-1β, interleukin 1β, cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2, pge2, prostaglandins e 2, lps, lipopolysaccharide, ros, reactive oxygen species, nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells, hscs, hepatic stellate cells, mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase, hbv, hepatitis b virus, hcv, hepatitis c virus, p-gp, p-glycoprotein 1

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