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      Revisión sistemática y evidencia sobre exposición profesional a ruido y efectos extra-auditivos de naturaleza cardiovascular Translated title: Systematic review and evidence on occupational noise exposure and extra-auditory effects of cardiovascular nature

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          Abstract

          Trabajo de revisión que tiene como objetivo conocer el nivel de evidencia existente sobre los efectos cardiovasculares debidos a la exposición profesional al ruido, mediante el análisis sistemático de la producción científica publicada entre 1995 y 2008. La búsqueda de las referencias bibliográficas se realizó mediante términos "Major Topic" y "MeSH" para MEDLINE y términos "Decriptors" para OSH update. Se recuperaron un total de 236 referencias y se incluyeron en la revisión todos los estudios experimentales, estudios de cohortes y estudios casos control y aquellos estudios trasversales que cumplieron, al menos, con cinco de los nueve criterios que la declaración STROBE establece para los estudios observacionales. Fueron seleccionados para su revisión a texto completo un total de 23 artículos: 12 estudios transversales, 7 estudios de cohortes, dos estudios casos control, 1 meta-análisis y 1 estudio experimental. La asignación del nivel de evidencia se realizó de acuerdo a los criterios SIGN. La selección y revisión de los artículos se realizó mediante revisión por pares, los casos de discrepancia entre pares se resolvió mediante consenso. En relación con los efectos cardiovasculares de la exposición laboral a ruido, nuestra revisión encuentra un mayor nivel de evidencia (1++) para el incremento de la tensión arterial e incremento de la frecuencia cardiaca. Estudios con nivel de evidencia 2++ muestran resultados en esa misma dirección. La enfermedad isquémica, infarto agudo de miocardio y coronariopatía muestran un nivel de evidencia 2++. La alteraciones metabólicas de lípidos y alteraciones de parámetros vasculares disponen de un nivel bajo de evidencia³. El control del ruido en entornos laborales es un factor de prevención del riesgo cardio-vascular. HTA, riesgo coronario y otras enfermedades cardiovasculares deben considerarse en los protocolos de vigilancia médica específica de los trabajadores expuestos a ruido.

          Translated abstract

          Review aimed to identify the level of scientific evidence about the relationship between cardiovascular diseases and occupational noise exposure, by a systematic analysis of the scientific literature published between 1995 and 2008. "Major Topic" and "MeSH" terms for MEDLINE and "Decriptors" for OSH update was used for the search of references. We retrieved a total of 236 references. Experimental studies, cohort studies and case control studies were all included in the review and those cross-sectional studies with at least five of the nine criteria from the STROBE declaration provides for observational studies. 23 articles were selected for full text review: 12 cross-sectional studies, 7 cohort studies, two case control studies, 1 meta-analysis and 1 experimental study. The evidence level was performed according to SIGN criteria. The selection and review of articles was done by peer review, cases of disagreement between pairs was resolved by consensus. Our review found a higher level of evidence (1++) for increasing blood pressure and increased heart rate and occupational noise exposure. Studies with a level of evidence 2++ show results in the same direction. Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction and coronary diseases show a level of evidence 2++. Metabolic changes of lipid parameters and vascular abnormalities have a low level of evidence³. Noise control in working environments is a measure for cardiovascular risk prevention. Hypertension, coronary risk and other cardiovascular diseases should be considered in medical surveillance practice of workers exposed to noise.

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          The association between noise exposure and blood pressure and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis.

          It has been suggested that noise exposure is associated with blood pressure changes and ischemic heart disease risk, but epidemiologic evidence is still limited. Furthermore, most reviews investigating these relations were not carried out in a systematic way, which makes them more prone to bias. We conducted a meta-analysis of 43 epidemiologic studies published between 1970 and 1999 that investigate the relation between noise exposure (both occupational and community) and blood pressure and/or ischemic heart disease (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes 410-414). We studied a wide range of effects, from blood pressure changes to a myocardial infarction. With respect to the association between noise exposure and blood pressure, small blood pressure differences were evident. Our meta-analysis showed a significant association for both occupational noise exposure and air traffic noise exposure and hypertension: We estimated relative risks per 5 dB(A) noise increase of 1.14 (1.01-1.29) and 1.26 (1.14-1.39), respectively. Air traffic noise exposure was positively associated with the consultation of a general practitioner or specialist, the use of cardiovascular medicines, and angina pectoris. In cross-sectional studies, road traffic noise exposure increases the risk of myocardial infarction and total ischemic heart disease. Although we can conclude that noise exposure can contribute to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, the evidence for a relation between noise exposure and ischemic heart disease is still inconclusive because of the limitations in exposure characterization, adjustment for important confounders, and the occurrence of publication bias.
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            Acute effects of noise on blood pressure and heart rate.

            The authors assessed the acute effects of exposure to noise on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate, among 46 workers in a midwestern auto assembly plant. Workers wore ambulatory blood pressure monitors and personal noise dosimeters during one work shift. After adjustment for covariates of cardiovascular function, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, along with heart rate, were shown to be significantly positively associated with noise exposure. Although the long-term effect of these associations is not known, results from other studies suggest that they may be harmful. Replication of this study with a larger number of subjects, monitored for several days and in a variety of work settings, is recommended to verify these findings. The results of this and other studies imply that reducing acute noise exposure reduces cardiovascular stress.
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              Cardiovascular diseases and the work environment. A critical review of the epidemiologic literature on nonchemical factors.

              This is the first of two articles reviewing the epidemiologic research on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the work environment. It deals with a number of nonchemical factors, ie, physical inactivity at work, stressors at work, shift work, noise, cold, heat, and electromagnetic fields and waves. First the methodological quality of each of the empirical studies is assessed on the basis of epidemiologic criteria. Then the research literature on each of the aforementioned factors of the work environment is evaluated. It is concluded that the hypothesis of a causal relationship between physical inactivity at work and risk of CVD is substantially supported by the literature. As regards work stressors and shift work, several good studies have been published during the last 10 years strongly suggesting a causal relationship. Other studies have shown a relationship between noise and elevated blood pressure, but the quality of this literature is low. Heat and cold appear to have an acute effect on the incidence of CVD, but the possible chronic effect has seldom been investigated. Concerning electromagnetic fields and waves, it is concluded that more research is needed. The study of CVD and work ought to play a bigger role in research in the fields of occupational medicine and cardiovascular epidemiology in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mesetra
                Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo
                Med. segur. trab.
                Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0465-546X
                1989-7790
                June 2009
                : 55
                : 215
                : 28-51
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameInstituto de Salud Carlos III orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo España
                [02] Alcalá de Henares orgnameUniversidad de Alcalá de Henares orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Médico Sociales España
                Article
                S0465-546X2009000200004
                10.4321/s0465-546x2009000200004
                2b2e0a77-e749-4d3b-98a0-4560482981cd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 24
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                SciELO Spain


                Ruido,salud laboral,enfermedad cardiovascular,hipertensión arterial,Noise,occupational health,cardiovascular disease,blood pressure

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