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      Richness, diversity patterns, and taxonomic notes of amphibians from the Tocantins state Translated title: Riqueza, padrões de diversidade e notas taxonômicas dos anfíbios do estado do Tocantins

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Herein, we provide the first comprehensive amphibian checklist for the State of Tocantins, North of Brazil, based on field sampling, literature data, and specimens deposited in zoological collections. We performed field surveys from 2012 to 2019 in 12 Tocantins municipalities, totaling 376 days of sampling effort. We analyzed 25 papers from the literature and examined 1311 specimens from collections and collected 750 during field surveys. We recorded 90 amphibian species distributed in 12 anurans and two caecilians families. At least seven undescribed species along the state were recorded. We also present new records for 20 species for the state, nine of them corresponding to Amazonian species, four Cerrado endemic, one Caatinga species, and the widely distributed treefrog Boana crepitans; the others five new records comprise undescribed species. Our data also suggest that the Tocantins amphibian composition is not geographically structured in relation to the biomes, since Amazonian, Caatinga, and Cerrado amphibian lineages have their distribution nearly completely overlapped in the state. We propose that this absence of spatial structuration may be a result of two factors (synergetic or not). First, the events of expansion and retraction of the biomes caused by the Quaternary climatic cycles, which may have mixed the populations of species from different biomes causing the notable pattern of overlapped distribution observed here. Second, the forest environments (e.g. gallery and riparian forests) associated to the Araguaia-Tocantins River basins may have acted as historical dispersal corridors for the Amazonian amphibian lineages into the Cerrado of the Tocantins. Despite the sampling effort of the present study, we stress that gaps of information still remain and further field sampling efforts should be performed along the state. Lastly, taxonomic appraisals involving the species with problematic taxonomic status recorded here should be based on multiples lines of evidences (acoustic, molecular, and morphological data), which will render a more accurate view on the Tocantins amphibian diversity. Such data are extremely necessary under the current high rate of habitat loss across the state, since they can be used to guide public policies of conservation.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Apresentamos aqui a primeira lista de anfíbios para o estado do Tocantins, região norte do Brasil, com base em amostragens de campo, dados da literatura e espécimes depositados em coleções zoológicas. As expedições de campo foram realizadas entre 2012 e 2019 em 12 municípios do Tocantins, totalizando 376 dias de esforço amostral. Nós analisamos 25 artigos da literatura, examinamos 1311 espécimes depositados em coleções e coletamos 750 indivíduos durante as amostragens de campo. No total, nós registramos 90 espécies de anfíbios distribuídas em 14 famílias, das quais 12 são de anuros e duas são de gimnofionas. Nossas amostragens também indicam a presença de ao menos sete espécies não descritas ao longo do estado. Adicionalmente, fornecemos registros inéditos para 20 espécies, das quais nove são amazônicas, quatro são endêmicas do Cerrado, uma espécie da Caatinga e uma amplamente distribuída, a perereca Boana crepitans; cinco das espécies cujos os registros são inéditos para o estado correspondem a linhagens não descritas. Nossos dados também sugerem que a fauna de anfíbios do Tocantins não está geograficamente estruturada em relação aos biomas, uma vez que linhagens de anfíbios amazônicos, da Caatinga e endêmicas do Cerrado apresentaram distribuição quase completamente sobreposta ao longo de todo o estado. Nós propomos que essa ausência de estruturação espacial pode ser o resultado de dois fatores (sinergéticos ou não). Primeiro, os eventos de expansão e retração dos biomas causados pelos ciclos climáticos do quaternário, que podem ter mixado as populações de espécies de diferentes biomas, promovendo o padrão de sobreposição de distribuição geográfica aqui observado. Segundo, destacamos que os ambientes florestais (e.g. matas de galeria e ripárias) associadas às bacias do dos Rios Araguaia-Tocantins podem ter atuado como corredores históricos de dispersão para linhagens de anfíbios amazônicos para dentro do Cerrado tocantinense. A despeito do esforço de amostragem do presente estudo, lacunas de informação em diversas áreas do estado permanecem e apontam a necessidade de adicionais amostragens de campo. Além disso, diversas espécies com status taxonômico problemático foram diagnosticadas no presente estudo, e futuras avaliações das mesmas devem ser baseadas em múltiplas linhas de evidência (dados acústicos, moleculares e morfológicos), produzindo assim uma visão mais acurada sobre a diversidade de anfíbios do estado do Tocantins. Essas informações são extremamente necessárias em vista das atuais taxas de degradação ambiental dentro do estado do Tocantins, uma vez que esse tipo de informação pode auxiliar políticas públicas voltadas para conservação.

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          New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

          New World frogs recently placed in a single, enormous family (Brachycephalidae) have direct development and reproduce on land, often far away from water. DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes of 344 species were analyzed to estimate their relationships. The molecular phylogeny in turn was used as the basis for a revised classification of the group. The 882 described species are placed in a new taxon, Terrarana, and allocated to four families, four subfamilies, 24 genera, 11 subgenera, 33 species series, 56 species groups, and 11 species subgroups. Systematic accounts are provided for all taxa above the species level. Two families (Craugastoridae and Strabomantidae), three subfamilies (Holoadeninae, Phyzelaphryninae, and Strabomantinae), six genera (Bryophryne, Diasporus, Haddadus, Isodactylus, Lynchius, and Psychrophrynella), and two subgenera (Campbellius and Schwartzius) are proposed and named as new taxa, 13 subspecies are considered to be distinct species, and 613 new combinations are formed. Most of the 100 informal groups (species series, species groups, and species subgroups) are new or newly defined. Brachycephalus and Ischnocnema are placed in Brachycephalidae, a relatively small clade restricted primarily to southeastern Brazil. Eleutherodactylidae includes two subfamilies, four genera, and five subgenera and is centered in the Caribbean region. Craugastoridae contains two genera and three subgenera and is distributed mainly in Middle America. Strabomantidae is distributed primarily in the Andes of northwestern South America and includes two subfamilies, 16 genera, and three subgenera. Images and distribution maps are presented for taxa above the species level and a complete list of species is provided. Aspects of the evolution, biogeography, and conservation of Terrarana are discussed.
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            Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil.

            The Brazilian tropical savanna (Cerrado), encompassing more than 204 million hectares in the central part of the country, is the second richest biome in Brazil in terms of biodiversity and presents high land use pressure. The objective of this study was to map the land cover of the Cerrado biome based on the segmentation and visual interpretation of 170 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus satellite scenes acquired in 2002. The following land cover classes were discriminated: grasslands, shrublands, forestlands, croplands, pasturelands, reforestations, urban areas, and mining areas. The results showed that the remnant natural vegetation is still covering about 61% of the biome, however, on a highly asymmetrical basis. While natural physiognomies comprise 90% of the northern part of the biome, only 15% are left in its southern portions. Shrublands were the dominant natural land cover class, while pasturelands were the dominant land use class in the Cerrado biome. The final Cerrado's land cover map confirmed the intensive land use pressure in this unique biome. This paper also showed that Landsat-like sensors can provide feasible land cover maps of Cerrado, although ancillary data are required to help image interpretation.
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              The diversification of eastern South American open vegetation biomes: Historical biogeography and perspectives

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1676-0611
                2020
                : 20
                : 1
                : e20190838
                Affiliations
                [2] São José do Rio Preto orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal Brazil
                [5] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília orgdiv1Departamento de Engenharia Florestal orgdiv2Laboratório de Fauna e Unidades de Conservação Brazil
                [3] Seropédica Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Departamento de Biologia Animal orgdiv2Laboratório de Herpetologia Brazil
                [4] Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências orgdiv2Laboratório de Zoologia Brazil
                [1] João Pessoa orgnameUniversidade Federal da Paraíba orgdiv1Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Concentração em Zoologia Brazil
                Article
                S1676-06032020000100306 S1676-0603(20)02000100306
                10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0838
                2c28bbba-c970-40de-8a31-5c21acf10684

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2019
                : 31 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 127, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Inventory

                Amphibia,Floresta Amazônica,Savana,Cerrado,Amazonian Forest,Savanna

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