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      Using indicators and models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture management: the anchovy fishery and Pacific oyster culture in Chile: case studies Translated title: Aplicación de indicadores y modelos para un enfoque ecosistémico de la pesca y la acuicultura: pesquería de anchoveta y cultivo de ostra del Pacífico en Chile: casos de estudio

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          Abstract

          This study illustrate the use of indicators and models to support the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries and Aquaculture management using two case studies in Chile: prediction of environmental variability effects upon anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of northern Chile and prediction of suitable sites and carrying capacity of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) culture using FARM and geographic information system (GIS) models in the Valdivia estuary. A three stage approach was applied: Stage 1 considers spatiotemporal ecosystem indicators (fisheries, aquaculture, environmental, and regulatory), Stage 2 uses statistical relationships between indicators, GIS, and other simulation models (e.g., artificial neural networks and FARM) of environment-resources interaction, and Stage 3 is the analysis and validation of models outputs. The methodology illustrates how indicators and models may be used to assist decision-makers in developing an ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture. The application of these approaches provides an integrative methodology for abundance prediction of anchovy and site selection for shellfish aquaculture, despite limitations in the available data.

          Translated abstract

          Este trabajo muestra el uso de indicadores y modelos para apoyar la aplicación del enfoque ecosistémico en la gestión de la pesca y la acuicultura, mediante dos casos de estudios en Chile: predicción de los efectos de la variabilidad ambiental en la pesquería de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) en la zona norte de Chile y la predicción de sitios aptos y capacidad de carga para el cultivo de la ostra del Pacífico (Crassostrea gigas) en el estuario de Valdivia. Se aplicó un enfoque metodológico de tres etapas: etapa 1 considera indicadores espacio-temporales del ecosistema (pesca, acuicultura, medio ambiente y legislación); etapa 2 utiliza relaciones estadísticas entre los indicadores, funciones de SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica), y otros modelos de simulación (Redes Neuronales Artificiales y Capacidad de Carga) de interacciones entre el ambiente y los recursos; y etapa 3 es el análisis y validación de los resultados de los modelos. La metodología y resultados ilustran cómo los indicadores y modelos pueden ser utilizados para ayudar a los tomadores de decisiones en el desarrollo de un enfoque ecosistémico en pesca y acuicultura. La aplicación de estos enfoques ofrece una metodología integradora para la predicción de la abundancia de la anchoveta y la selección de sitios para el cultivo de moluscos, a pesar de las limitaciones de los datos disponibles.

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          Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment.

          The accelerated growth of finfish aquaculture has resulted in a series of developments detrimental to the environment and human health. The latter is illustrated by the widespread and unrestricted use of prophylactic antibiotics in this industry, especially in developing countries, to forestall bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish rearing. The use of a wide variety of antibiotics in large amounts, including non-biodegradable antibiotics useful in human medicine, ensures that they remain in the aquatic environment, exerting their selective pressure for long periods of time. This process has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, in the transfer of these resistance determinants to bacteria of land animals and to human pathogens, and in alterations of the bacterial flora both in sediments and in the water column. The use of large amounts of antibiotics that have to be mixed with fish food also creates problems for industrial health and increases the opportunities for the presence of residual antibiotics in fish meat and fish products. Thus, it appears that global efforts are needed to promote more judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture as accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use is detrimental to fish, terrestrial animals, and human health and the environment.
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            Artificial neural networks as a tool in ecological modelling, an introduction

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              From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean.

              In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                lajar
                Latin american journal of aquatic research
                Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res.
                Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar (Valparaíso, , Chile )
                0718-560X
                November 2012
                : 40
                : 4
                : 955-969
                Affiliations
                [05] Palos de la Frontera Huelva orgnameUniversidad de Huelva orgdiv1Campus Universitario de La Rábida orgdiv2Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería España
                [03] Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Escuela de Ciencias del Mar Chile
                [04] Valparaíso orgnameInstituto de Fomento Pesquero Chile
                [02] Puerto Real Cádiz orgnameUniversidad de Cádiz orgdiv1Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marina España
                [01] Puerto Real Cádiz orgnameUniversidad de Cádiz orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales España claudio.silva@ 123456uca.es
                Article
                S0718-560X2012000400012 S0718-560X(12)04000412
                2ebd6393-57dd-4dd8-a647-cfecc10d6514

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 October 2012
                : 06 March 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Research Articles

                capacidad de carga,ecosystem approach,fisheries,aquaculture,GIS,PFG model,artificial neural network,carrying capacity,enfoque ecosistémico,pesquería,acuicultura,SIG,modelo PFG,redes neuronales artificiales

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