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      Journal of Pain Research (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on reporting of high-quality laboratory and clinical findings in all fields of pain research and the prevention and management of pain. Sign up for email alerts here.

      52,235 Monthly downloads/views I 2.832 Impact Factor I 4.5 CiteScore I 1.2 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 0.655 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Discomfort After Ambulatory Strabismus Surgery Under General Anesthesia

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative discomfort in patients undergoing ambulatory strabismus under general anesthesia, and to identify risk factors associated with the discomfort.

          Patients and Methods

          A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 consecutive patients undergoing ambulatory strabismus under general anesthesia. Postoperative discomfort including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache was recorded and quantified. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to detect the risk factors associated with postoperative discomfort.

          Results

          Of 210 participants, 199 (94.76%) patients experienced mild discomfort after ambulatory strabismus surgery under general anesthesia, and 31 (14.76%), 11 (5.24%), 60 (28.57%), 23 (10.95%) patients suffered from nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache, respectively. A multivariate analysis indicated that female sex, the surgery on inferior rectus, and the surgery on inferior oblique were the independent risk factors for postoperative vomiting while, mild anxiety was the independent risk factor for postoperative dizziness.

          Conclusion

          Patients undergoing ambulatory strabismus surgery tended to experience postoperative nausea and dizziness. Female sex, the surgery on inferior rectus, mild anxiety, and the surgery on inferior oblique were the independent predictors of postoperative discomfort.

          Most cited references20

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          Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review.

          Hui Yun Vivian Ip, Amir Abrishami, Philip W H Peng … (2009)
          Pain is a subjective and multidimensional experience that is often inadequately managed in clinical practice. Effective control of postoperative pain is important after anesthesia and surgery. A systematic review was conducted to identify the independent predictive factors for postoperative pain and analgesic consumption. The authors identified 48 eligible studies with 23,037 patients included in the final analysis. Preoperative pain, anxiety, age, and type of surgery were four significant predictors for postoperative pain. Type of surgery, age, and psychological distress were the significant predictors for analgesic consumption. Gender was not found to be a consistent predictor as traditionally believed. Early identification of the predictors in patients at risk of postoperative pain will allow more effective intervention and better management. The coefficient of determination of the predictive models was less than 54%. More vigorous studies with robust statistics and validated designs are needed to investigate this field of interest.
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            A comparison of pain measurement characteristics of mechanical visual analogue and simple numerical rating scales.

            Donald D Price, Francis M. Bush, Stephen Long … (1994)
            Numerical rating scales and mechanical visual analogue scales (M-VAS) were compared for their capacity to provide ratio scale measures of experimental pain. Separate estimates of experimental pain sensation intensity and pain unpleasantness were obtained by each method, as were estimates of clinical pain. Orofacial pain patients made numerical scale and VAS ratings in response to noxious thermal stimuli (45-51 degrees C) applied for 5 sec to the forearm by a contact thermode. The derived stimulus-response function was well fit as a power function only in the case of sensory M-VAS. The power function derived from sensory M-VAS ratings predicted temperatures chosen as twice as intense as standard temperatures of 47 degrees C and 48 degrees C, thereby providing evidence for ratio scale characteristics of M-VAS. The stimulus-response function derived from sensory numerical ratings differed from that obtained with M-VAS and did not provide accurate predictions of temperatures perceived as twice intense at 47 degrees C or 48 degrees C. Both M-VAS and numerical rating scales produced reliably different stimulus response functions for pain sensation intensity as compared to pain unpleasantness and both provided consistent measures of experimental and clinical pain intensity. Finally, both mechanical and pencil-and-paper VAS produced very similar stimulus-response functions. The ratio scale properties of M-VAS combined with its ease of administration and scoring in clinical settings offer the possibility of a simple yet powerful pain measurement technology in both research and health care settings.
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              Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006.

              Aleksandr Golosinskiy, William K Cullen, Timothy J. Hall (2009)
              This report presents national estimates of surgical and nonsurgical procedures performed on an ambulatory basis in hospitals and freestanding ambulatory surgery centers in the United States during 2006. Data are presented by types of facilities, age and sex of the patients, and geographic regions. Major categories of procedures and diagnoses are shown by age and sex. Selected estimates are compared between 1996 and 2006. The estimates are based on data collected through the 2006 National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The survey was conducted from 1994-1996 and again in 2006. Diagnoses and procedures presented are coded using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). In 2006, an estimated 57.1 million surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed during 34.7 million ambulatory surgery visits. Of the 34.7 million visits, 19.9 million occurred in hospitals and 14.9 million occurred in freestanding ambulatory surgery centers. The rate of visits to freestanding ambulatory surgery centers increased about 300 percent from 1996 to 2006, whereas the rate of visits to hospital-based surgery centers remained largely unchanged during that time period. Females had significantly more ambulatory surgery visits (20.0 million) than males (14.7 million), and a significantly higher rate of visits (132.0 per 1000 population) compared with males (100.4 per 1000 population). Average times for surgical visits were higher for ambulatory surgery visits to hospital-based ambulatory surgery centers than for visits to freestanding ambulatory surgery centers for the amount of time spent in the operating room (61.7 minutes compared with 43.2 minutes), the amount of time spent in surgery (34.2 minutes compared with 25.1 minutes), the amount of time spent in the postoperative recovery room (79.0 minutes compared with 53.1 minutes), and overall time (146.6 minutes compared with 97.7 minutes). Although the majority of visits had only one or two procedures performed (56.3 percent and 28.5 percent, respectively), 2.6 percent had five or more procedures performed. Frequently performed procedures on ambulatory surgery patients included endoscopy of large intestine (5.8 million), endoscopy of small intestine (3.5 million), extraction of lens (3.1 million), injection of agent into spinal canal (2.7 million), and insertion of prosthetic lens (2.6 million). The leading diagnoses at ambulatory surgery visits included cataract (3.0 million); benign neoplasms (2.0 million), malignant neoplasms (1.2 million), diseases of the esophagus (1.1 million), and diverticula of the intestine (1.1 million).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Pain Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Pain Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JPR
                Journal ID (pmc): jpainres
                Title: Journal of Pain Research
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7090
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 947-953
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Strabismus and Amblyopia, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Department of Orbital Disease and Ocular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Wenjun Guo State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou510060, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 20 87331548Fax +86 20 87334825 Email 402385889@qq.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398-8576
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2849-2505
                Article
                Publisher ID: 249493
                DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S249493
                PMC ID: 7211303
                PubMed ID: 32440200
                SO-VID: 2ed32439-7c0a-45ad-a26c-6c1c816713d2
                Copyright © © 2020 Huang et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 18 February 2020
                Date accepted : 08 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 22, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical Trial Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Keywords: postoperative nausea and vomiting,dizziness,strabismus surgery,ambulatory surgery,related factors
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Keywords: postoperative nausea and vomiting, dizziness, strabismus surgery, ambulatory surgery, related factors

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