7
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      The UNAM-droplet freezing assay: An evaluation of the ice nucleating capacity of the sea-surface microlayer and surface mixed layer in tropical and subpolar waters

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere are necessary to generate ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds, a crucial component for precipitation development. The sources and composition of INPs are varied: from mineral dust derived from continental erosion to bioaerosols resulting from bubble bursting at the ocean surface. The performance of a home-built droplet freezing assay (DFA) device for quantifying the ice nucleating abilities of water samples via immersion freezing has been validated against both published results and analyses of samples from sea surface microlayer (SML) and bulk surface water (BSW) from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and Saanich Inlet, off Vancouver Island (VI), Canada. Even in the absence of phytoplankton blooms, all the samples contained INPs at moderate concentrations, ranging from 6.0 × 101 to 1.1 × 105 L-1 water. The freezing temperatures (i.e., T50, the temperature at which 50% of the droplets freeze) of the samples decreased in order of VI SML > GoM BSW > GoM SML, indicating that the higher-latitude coastal waters have a greater potential to initiate cloud formation and precipitation.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Los núcleos de glaciación (INP, por su sigla en inglés) presentes en la atmósfera intervienen en la formación de cristales de hielo, los cuales son indispensables para el desarrollo de precipitación en nubes mixtas. Las fuentes y la composición de los INP son muy variadas: desde el polvo mineral derivado de la erosión de los suelos en los continentes hasta el bioaerosol emitido en la superficie del océano. El dispositivo denominado ensayo de congelación de gotas (DFA) se construyó recientemente para cuantificar la eficiencia de nucleación de hielo en muestras líquidas mediante la congelación por inmersión. Su funcionamiento se validó comparando los resultados con reportes en la literatura y con los análisis de muestras de la microcapa superficial del océano (SML) y de muestras obtenidas a 1 m de profundidad (BSW) en el Golfo de México (GoM) y en Saanich, frente a la Isla de Vancouver (VI), Canadá. Todas las muestras analizadas contenían INP en concentraciones moderadas, entre 6.0 × 101 y 1.1 × 105 L-1 de agua, incluso en ausencia de floraciones de fitoplancton. Se estimó la temperatura a la cual se congela el 50% de las gotas (T50) en cada una de las muestras. El valor de T50 fue mayor en muestras de VI SML, seguido por muestras del GoM BSW y del GoM SML, lo que indica que las aguas costeras en latitudes altas tienen un mayor potencial para iniciar la formación de nubes y precipitación.

          Related collections

          Most cited references70

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets.

          The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in determining the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atmospheric ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quantitative information on the ability of various atmospheric aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biological species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quantitative comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation in combination with typical atmospheric loadings, we estimate the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these estimates we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temperature the only materials known to nucleate ice are biological, with quantitative data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles.

            The amount of ice present in clouds can affect cloud lifetime, precipitation and radiative properties. The formation of ice in clouds is facilitated by the presence of airborne ice-nucleating particles. Sea spray is one of the major global sources of atmospheric particles, but it is unclear to what extent these particles are capable of nucleating ice. Sea-spray aerosol contains large amounts of organic material that is ejected into the atmosphere during bubble bursting at the organically enriched sea-air interface or sea surface microlayer. Here we show that organic material in the sea surface microlayer nucleates ice under conditions relevant for mixed-phase cloud and high-altitude ice cloud formation. The ice-nucleating material is probably biogenic and less than approximately 0.2 micrometres in size. We find that exudates separated from cells of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana nucleate ice, and propose that organic material associated with phytoplankton cell exudates is a likely candidate for the observed ice-nucleating ability of the microlayer samples. Global model simulations of marine organic aerosol, in combination with our measurements, suggest that marine organic material may be an important source of ice-nucleating particles in remote marine environments such as the Southern Ocean, North Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and precipitation in the Amazon.

              The Amazon is one of the few continental regions where atmospheric aerosol particles and their effects on climate are not dominated by anthropogenic sources. During the wet season, the ambient conditions approach those of the pristine pre-industrial era. We show that the fine submicrometer particles accounting for most cloud condensation nuclei are predominantly composed of secondary organic material formed by oxidation of gaseous biogenic precursors. Supermicrometer particles, which are relevant as ice nuclei, consist mostly of primary biological material directly released from rainforest biota. The Amazon Basin appears to be a biogeochemical reactor, in which the biosphere and atmospheric photochemistry produce nuclei for clouds and precipitation sustaining the hydrological cycle. The prevailing regime of aerosol-cloud interactions in this natural environment is distinctly different from polluted regions.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                atm
                Atmósfera
                Atmósfera
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0187-6236
                2022
                : 35
                : 1
                : 127-141
                Affiliations
                [4] Mérida orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados orgdiv2Departamento de Recursos del Mar Mexico
                [2] Lubbock Texas orgnameTexas Tech University orgdiv1Department of Geosciences United States
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático Mexico
                [3] British Columbia orgnameInstitute of Ocean Sciences orgdiv1Centre for Ocean Climate Chemistry Canada
                Article
                S0187-62362022000100127 S0187-6236(22)03500100127
                10.20937/atm.52938
                2fba3913-7fd8-459a-8b8e-9c277f59b7c8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 June 2020
                : 08 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Articles

                sea surface microlayer,ice nucleation,Gulf of Mexico,mixed-phase clouds,droplet freezing assay

                Comments

                Comment on this article