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      Present status of laboratory diagnosis of human taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe

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          Abstract

          Human cysticercosis (CC) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage (cyst) of the Taenia solium. Cysts can establish in the human central nervous system (neurocysticercosis, NCC) and other organs and tissues; they also develop in pigs, the natural intermediate host. Human taeniosis may be caused by T. solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica tapeworms ; these infections are usually asymptomatic, but show a significant relevance as they perpetuate the parasites’ life cycle, and, in the case of T. solium, they are the origin of (N)CC. In European Union (EU) member states and associated countries, the occurrence of autochthonous T. solium cases is debated, and imported cases have significantly increased lately; the status of T. asiatica has been never reported, whereas T. saginata is prevalent and causes an economic impact due to condemned carcasses. Based on their effects on the EU society, the specific diagnosis of these pathologies is relevant for their prevention and control. The aims of this study were to know the diagnostic tests used in European laboratories for human taeniosis/cysticercosis by means of a questionnaire, to determine potential gaps in their detection, and to obtain preliminary data on the number of diagnosed taeniosis/CC cases.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10096-017-3029-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis

          Paul Torgerson, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Nicolas Praet … (2015)
          Background Foodborne diseases are globally important, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Parasitic diseases often result in high burdens of disease in low and middle income countries and are frequently transmitted to humans via contaminated food. This study presents the first estimates of the global and regional human disease burden of 10 helminth diseases and toxoplasmosis that may be attributed to contaminated food. Methods and Findings Data were abstracted from 16 systematic reviews or similar studies published between 2010 and 2015; from 5 disease data bases accessed in 2015; and from 79 reports, 73 of which have been published since 2000, 4 published between 1995 and 2000 and 2 published in 1986 and 1981. These included reports from national surveillance systems, journal articles, and national estimates of foodborne diseases. These data were used to estimate the number of infections, sequelae, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), by age and region for 2010. These parasitic diseases, resulted in 48.4 million cases (95% Uncertainty intervals [UI] of 43.4–79.0 million) and 59,724 (95% UI 48,017–83,616) deaths annually resulting in 8.78 million (95% UI 7.62–12.51 million) DALYs. We estimated that 48% (95% UI 38%-56%) of cases of these parasitic diseases were foodborne, resulting in 76% (95% UI 65%-81%) of the DALYs attributable to these diseases. Overall, foodborne parasitic disease, excluding enteric protozoa, caused an estimated 23.2 million (95% UI 18.2–38.1 million) cases and 45,927 (95% UI 34,763–59,933) deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million (95% UI 5.61–8.41 million) DALYs. Foodborne Ascaris infection (12.3 million cases, 95% UI 8.29–22.0 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis (10.3 million cases, 95% UI 7.40–14.9 million) were the most common foodborne parasitic diseases. Human cysticercosis with 2.78 million DALYs (95% UI 2.14–3.61 million), foodborne trematodosis with 2.02 million DALYs (95% UI 1.65–2.48 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis with 825,000 DALYs (95% UI 561,000–1.26 million) resulted in the highest burdens in terms of DALYs, mainly due to years lived with disability. Foodborne enteric protozoa, reported elsewhere, resulted in an additional 67.2 million illnesses or 492,000 DALYs. Major limitations of our study include often substantial data gaps that had to be filled by imputation and suffer from the uncertainties that surround such models. Due to resource limitations it was also not possible to consider all potentially foodborne parasites (for example Trypanosoma cruzi). Conclusions Parasites are frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food. These estimates represent an important step forward in understanding the impact of foodborne diseases globally and regionally. The disease burden due to most foodborne parasites is highly focal and results in significant morbidity and mortality among vulnerable populations.
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            Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis.

            Hector H. Garcia, Theodore Nash, Oscar Del Brutto (2014)
            The infection of the nervous system by the cystic larvae of Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis) is a frequent cause of seizure disorders. Neurocysticercosis is endemic or presumed to be endemic in many low-income countries. The lifecycle of the worm and the clinical manifestations of neurocysticercosis are well established, and CT and MRI have substantially improved knowledge of the disease course. Improvements in immunodiagnosis have further advanced comprehension of the pathophysiology of this disease. This knowledge has led to individualised treatment approaches that account for the involvement of parenchymal or extraparenchymal spaces, the number and form of parasites, and the extent of degeneration and associated inflammation. Clinical investigations are focused on development of effective treatments and reduction of side-effects induced by treatment, such as seizures, hydrocephalus, infarcts, and neuroinjury.
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              Neglected tropical diseases: diagnosis, clinical management, treatment and control.

              Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, F Hatz … (2011)
              Branded in 2005, "neglected tropical diseases" have gained traction in terms of advocacy, interest for research, enhanced funding and political will for their control and eventual elimination. Starting with an initial set of 13 neglected tropical diseases--seven helminth, three bacterial and three protozoal infections--the list considerably expanded to more than 40 diseases that now also includes viral, fungal and ectoparasitic infections. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the neglected tropical diseases, their causative agents and the current geographical distribution, including their importance for the general practitioners seeing returning travellers and migrants in Switzerland. We characterise the most important of the neglected tropical diseases in terms of at-risk population, estimated number of infections, annual mortality rates and global burden, including current knowledge gaps. With an emphasis on neglected tropical diseases due to helminths, protozoa and ectoparasites, we review common diagnostic methods and current recommendations for treatment at the population level and the individual patient, thereby juxtaposing the situation in highly endemic countries on one side, with Switzerland on the other. We highlight the clinical presentation and management of the neglected tropical diseases in general and then elaborate on two examples, strongyloidiasis and leptospirosis. Our review provides a global perspective of neglected tropical diseases and we hope that it will prove useful for the general practitioner and clinician in Switzerland and elsewhere to enhance their suspicion index, differential diagnosis, clinical management and treatment, including referral to specialised clinics and laboratories when need be.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                M. A. Gómez-Morales: +39-0649902078 , mariaangeles.gomezmorales@iss.it
                T. Gárate: +34-918223675 , tgarate@isciii.es
                A. S. Winkler: a.s.winkler@medisin.uio.no
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis
                Title: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0934-9723
                ISSN (Electronic): 1435-4373
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 July 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 July 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 36
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 2029-2040
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9120 6856, GRID grid.416651.1, Department of Infectious Diseases, , Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ; viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9314 1427, GRID grid.413448.e, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, , Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ; Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9585 4754, GRID grid.413250.1, Institute of Acute Neurology, , Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, ; Carinagasse 47, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0635 3376, GRID grid.418170.b, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, , Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), ; Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2153 5088, GRID grid.11505.30, Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Institute of Tropical Medicine, ; Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, GRID grid.5342.0, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, , Ghent University, ; Merelbeke, Belgium
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2294 713X, GRID grid.7942.8, Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), , Université Catholique de Louvain, ; Brussels, Belgium
                [8 ]ISNI 0000000123222966, GRID grid.6936.a, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, , Technical University Munich, ; Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8921, GRID grid.5510.1, Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, , University of Oslo, ; Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, GRID grid.5342.0, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, , Ghent University, ; Ghent, Belgium
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3029
                DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3029-1
                PMC ID: 5653711
                PubMed ID: 28669015
                SO-VID: 2fe029d5-e083-4bba-8a92-8715b3866c43
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 5 April 2017
                Date accepted : 23 May 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: EU
                Award ID: COST ACTION TD1302
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: cysticercosis,neurocysticercosis,taenia solium,taenia saginata,taeniosis,laboratory diagnosis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis, taenia solium, taenia saginata, taeniosis, laboratory diagnosis

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