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      Involvement of CXCR4 in Normal and Abnormal Development

      review-article
      Author(s): * , ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Cells
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: CXCR4, CXCL12, SDF-1, cancer, pulmonary hypertension, stem cell

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          Abstract

          CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is associated with normal and abnormal development, including oncogenesis. The ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), also known as CXC motif ligand (CXCL) 12. Through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, both homing and migration of hematopoietic (stem) cells are regulated through niches in the bone marrow. Outside of the bone marrow, however, SDF-1 can recruit CXCR4-positive cells from the bone marrow. SDF/CXCR4 has been implicated in the maintenance and/or differentiation of stemness, and tissue-derived stem cells can be associated with SDF-1 and CXCR4 activity. CXCR4 plays a role in multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and other pathologies. Here, we summarize reports detailing the functions of CXCR4. We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events. As a constituent of stem cells, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis influences downstream signal transduction and the cell microenvironment.

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          Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease.

          Nilesh J. Samani, Jeanette Erdmann, Alistair S. Hall … (2007)
          Modern genotyping platforms permit a systematic search for inherited components of complex diseases. We performed a joint analysis of two genomewide association studies of coronary artery disease. We first identified chromosomal loci that were strongly associated with coronary artery disease in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) study (which involved 1926 case subjects with coronary artery disease and 2938 controls) and looked for replication in the German MI [Myocardial Infarction] Family Study (which involved 875 case subjects with myocardial infarction and 1644 controls). Data on other single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with coronary artery disease in either study (P 80%) of a true association: chromosomes 1p13.3 (rs599839), 1q41 (rs17465637), 10q11.21 (rs501120), and 15q22.33 (rs17228212). We identified several genetic loci that, individually and in aggregate, substantially affect the risk of development of coronary artery disease. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for hematopoietic progenitors

            Emma Lefrancais, Guadalupe Ortiz-Muñoz, Axelle Caudrillier … (2017)
            Platelets are critical for hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammatory responses 1,2 , yet the events leading to mature platelet production remain incompletely understood 3 . The bone marrow (BM) is proposed to be a major site of platelet production although indirect evidence points towards a potential pulmonary contribution to platelet biogenesis 4-7 . By directly imaging the lung microcirculation in mice 8 , we discovered that a large number of megakaryocytes (MKs) circulate through the lungs where they dynamically release platelets. MKs releasing platelets in the lung are of extrapulmonary origin, such as the BM, where we observed large MKs migrating out of the BM space. The lung contribution to platelet biogenesis is substantial with approximately 50% of total platelet production or 10 million platelets per hour. Furthermore, we identified populations of mature and immature MKs along with hematopoietic progenitors that reside in the extravascular spaces of the lung. Under conditions of thrombocytopenia and relative stem cell deficiency in the BM 9 , these progenitors can migrate out of the lung, repopulate the BM, completely reconstitute blood platelet counts, and contribute to multiple hematopoietic lineages. These results position the lung as a primary site of terminal platelet production and an organ with considerable hematopoietic potential.
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              The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry.

              C. C. Bleul, M Farzan, H. Choe … (1996)
              Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that activate and direct the migration of leukocytes. There are two subfamilies, the CXC and the CC chemokines. We recently found that the CXC-chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant. Chemokines act on responsive leukocyte subsets through G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors, which are also used by distinct strains of HIV-1 as cofactors for viral entry. Laboratory-adapted and some T-cell-line-tropic (T-tropic) primary viruses use the orphan chemokine receptor LESTR/fusin (also known as fusin), whereas macrophage-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates use CCR-5 and CCR-3 (refs 7-11), which are receptors for known CC chemokines. Testing of potential receptors demonstrated that SDF-1 signalled through, and hence 'adopted', the orphan receptor LESTR, which we therefore designate CXC-chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR-4). SDF-1 induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ and chemotaxis in CXCR-4-transfected cells. Because SDF-1 is a biological ligand for the HIV-1 entry cofactor LESTR, we tested whether it inhibited HIV-1. SDF-1 inhibited infection by T-tropic HIV-1 of HeLa-CD4 cells, CXCR-4 transfectants, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but did not affect CCR-5-mediated infection by macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) and dual-tropic primary HIV-1.
              Article 0 comments Cited 275 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cells
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cells
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cells
                Title: Cells
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4409
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 February 2019
                Publication date Collection: February 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 185
                Affiliations
                Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; 13572273657@ 123456163.com (T.-T.Z.); nakanishi.toshio@ 123456twmu.ac.jp (T.N.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Nanako Kawaguchi: nanako.res@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel.: +81-3-3353-8111
                Article
                Publisher ID: cells-08-00185
                DOI: 10.3390/cells8020185
                PMC ID: 6406665
                PubMed ID: 30791675
                SO-VID: 3070bb2b-d125-4830-af44-652795efe144
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 December 2018
                Date accepted : 13 February 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cxcr4,cxcl12,sdf-1,cancer,pulmonary hypertension,stem cell
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cxcr4, cxcl12, sdf-1, cancer, pulmonary hypertension, stem cell

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