3
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Looking back: twenty years of reforming undergraduate medical training and curriculum frameworks in Switzerland Translated title: Blick in den Rückspiegel: zwanzig Jahre Reformen der humanmedizinischen Studiengänge und der curricularen Rahmenbedingungen in der Schweiz

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Introduction: To date, hardly any reports exist that outline the reforms in medical studies in Switzerland from the first partial reforms in the 1970s until today.

          Methods: This article outlines the recent history of medical curricula, their reforms in the early 1970s and, based on these, the key reasons for the major curricular reforms of the 2000s from the perspective of the authors.

          Results: The various projects, initiatives and legislative elements at the national level include the introduction of new quality control instruments – federal examination and programme accreditation, the introduction of a national catalogue of learning objectives and its two follow-up editions, as well as the implementation of the Bologna reform in undergraduate medical curricula. Examples of the key new elements found in all medical training in Switzerland include: the interdisciplinary orientation of learning content in organ and functional system-oriented subject areas or modules, the enhanced valorisation of practical clinical training, as well as the introduction of problem-oriented formats and the integration of partly formative, partly summative exams according to the format of the objective structured practical examination (OSCE). Characteristics unique to the four medical faculties and their medical training programme are also highlighted.

          Discussion: The described projects, initiatives and legislative elements have led to a dynamic, continuous development of medical curricula in Switzerland. The close cooperation between the faculties and the Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) has also resulted in a redefinition of the roles and responsibilities of universities and the Federal Government according to the new Law on Medical Professions. This guarantees the medical faculties a great deal of autonomy, without neglecting quality assurance.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einleitung: Bisher existieren kaum Berichte, die die Schweizer Reformen des Medizinstudiums von den ersten Teilreformen in den 1970er Jahren bis heute skizzieren.

          Methoden: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden kursorisch die jüngere Geschichte der humanmedizinischen Curricula, deren erste Teilreformen in den frühen 1970er Jahren und darauf aufbauend die wesentlichen Ausgangspunkte für die grossen Curriculumsreformen der 2000er Jahre aus Sicht der Autoren beschrieben.

          Ergebnisse: Die vielfältigen Projekte, Initiativen und gesetzgebenden Elemente auf Eidgenössischer Ebene umfassen die Einführung von neuen Qualitätsentwicklungsinstrumenten – Eidgenössische Prüfung und Programmakkreditierung, die Einführung und Weiterentwicklung eines nationalen Lernzielkataloges über insgesamt drei Editionen sowie die Einführung der Bologna Reformen auch in den humanmedizinischen Studiengängen.

          Im Sinne der Entwicklung von ausdifferenzierten Modellstudiengängen können exemplarisch die wesentlichen neuen Elemente aller Studiengänge in der Schweiz charakterisiert werden: die interdisziplinäre Ausrichtung der Lerninhalte in organ- und funktionssystem-orientierten Themenblöcken oder Modulen, die Aufwertung der klinisch-praktischen Ausbildung sowie die Einführung von problem-orientierten Formaten und der Integration von teils formativen, teils summativen Prüfungen nach dem OSCE-Format. Aufgezeigt werden auch die besonderen standort-spezifischen Charakteristika von vier Medizinischen Fakultäten und deren humanmedizinischen Studiengängen.

          Diskussion: Die beschriebenen Projekte, Initiativen und gesetzgebenden Elemente haben in der Schweiz zu einer dynamischen, weiterhin anhaltenden Entwicklung der humanmedizinischen Curricula geführt. Die enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Fakultäten und dem Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG) hat zudem bewirkt, dass mit dem neuen Medizinalberufegesetz Rollen und Verantwortungen zwischen Universitäten und Bund neu definiert worden sind. Dies gewährleistet den Fakultäten eine grosse Autonomie ohne die Qualitätssicherung zu vernachlässigen.

          Related collections

          Most cited references16

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The "Profiles" document: a modern revision of the objectives of undergraduate medical studies in Switzerland.

          The Joint Commission of the Swiss Medical Schools (SMIFK/CIMS) decided in 2000 to establish a Swiss Catalogue of Learning Objectives (SCLO) for undergraduate medical training, which was adapted from a similar Dutch blueprint. A second version of the SCLO was developed and launched in 2008. The catalogue is a prerequisite for the accreditation of the curricula of the six Swiss medical faculties and defines the contents of the Federal Licensing Examination (FLE). Given the evolution of the field of medicine and of medical education, the SMIFK/CIMS has decided to embark on a total revision of the SCLO. This article presents the proposed structure and content of Profiles, a new document which, in the future, will direct the format of undergraduate studies and of the FLE. Profiles stands for the Principal Relevant Objectives for Integrative Learning and Education in Switzerland. It is currently being developed by a group of experts from the six Swiss faculties as well as representatives of other institutions involved in these developments. The foundations of Profiles are grounded in the evolution of medical practice and of public health and are based on up-to-date teaching concepts, such as EPAs (entrustable professional activities). An introduction will cover the concepts and a tutorial will be displayed. Three main chapters will provide a description of the seven 2015 CanMEDS roles, a list of core EPAs and a series of ≈250 situations embracing the most frequent and current conditions affecting health. As Profiles is still a work in progress, it is hoped that this paper will attract the interest of all individuals involved in the training of medical students.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Development of clinical reasoning from the basic sciences to the clerkships: a longitudinal assessment of medical students' needs and self-perception after a transitional learning unit.

            To facilitate students' transition from basic, science-oriented, problem-based learning (PBL) to clinical reasoning-oriented PBL, the University of Geneva School of Medicine introduced a 12-week unit of Introduction to Clinical Reasoning (ICR) at the beginning of its fourth or clerkship year. The aims of the present study were to determine, after 12 weeks in the ICR unit, to what extent students had: (1) identified the learning content set by the faculty while adapting to the hypothetico-deductive reasoning approach; (2) familiarised themselves with the clinical reasoning-oriented learning process, and (3) transferred and further developed this process during the clinical years. Students' derived objectives from the problems were compared to the objectives preset by the faculty to determine acquisition of intended learning content. To assess their adaptation to the clinical reasoning-oriented PBL approach, students (n = 124) were asked to list and freely comment on aspects of the unit they felt most at ease with or had difficulty with, and to complete a questionnaire on the clinical reasoning process (CRP). The same questionnaire was administered 6 and 12 months later to assess the evolution of the students' self-perception during clerkships. On average, student objectives matched 62% of faculty objectives. Half of the missed (38%) objectives were in basic sciences. Students generated 16% additional objectives, also predominantly in the basic sciences category (41%). Free comments indicated that the difficulties perceived by students were very similar to those previously reported in studies on reasoning and errors, such as difficulty in gathering, interpreting and weighting relevant data, synthesising information, and organising it hierarchically. These results were confirmed with the CRP questionnaire administered at the end of the unit. For most of the competencies assessed on the CRP questionnaire, a gradual improvement was seen to have occurred by 6 and 12 months after the unit. To ease students' transition from the preclinical to clinical years, a learning unit should give them the opportunity to train their clinical reasoning processes on standardised and prototypical problems, before encountering real patients with more ill-structured problems during clerkships. Such a transitional structure should particularly emphasise a developed repertoire of problem representations, recognition of key findings and a hierarchical classification of working hypotheses. It should foster the creation of links between the acquired basic clinical knowledge and the diagnostic, management and therapy steps of problem solving.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The Swiss catalogue of learning objectives.

              PBL philosophy may challenge the need for explicit and specific educational objectives in medical education. From a practical point of view, however, such objectives are essential to achieve a close overlap between learning, teaching and assessment. Since the 1970s medical licensing in Switzerland has been based, among other things, on passing a uniform, centrally prepared MCQ exam for the graduates of all five Swiss medical schools. The need for a set of jointly developed learning, teaching and assessment objectives has become apparent. The Joint Conference of Swiss Medical Schools has therefore charged a small taskforce with the development of such a catalogue. This paper describes the background, process and results of this work.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 October 2019
                2019
                : 36
                : 5 , 20 years of reformed medical education programmes in german-speaking countries/20 Jahre Modellstudiengänge im deutschsprachigen Raum
                : Doc64
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universität Fribourg, Unité Pédagogie Médicale, Fribourg, Switzerland
                [2 ]Hôpitaux Universitaires Genève, Institut de médecine de premier recours, Genève, Switzerland
                [3 ]Universität Bern, Medizinische Fakultät, Studiendekanat, Bern, Switzerland
                [4 ]Universität Bern, Institut für medizinische Lehre, Abteilung für Unterricht und Medien, Bern, Switzerland
                [5 ]Universität Bern, Institut für medizinische Lehre, Abteilung für Assessment und Evaluation AAE, Bern, Switzerland
                [6 ]Universität Zürich, Geschäftsstelle Direktorium UMZH, Medizinische Fakultät, Geschäftsbereich Struktur & Entwicklung, Zürich, Switzerland
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Raphael Bonvin, Universität Fribourg, Unité Pédagogie Médicale, Rome 2, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, E-mail: raphael.bonvin@ 123456unifr.ch
                Article
                zma001272 Doc64 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0012727
                10.3205/zma001272
                6883239
                3079f3a4-255c-4db4-97f9-41010e45a98a
                Copyright © 2019 Bonvin et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 01 November 2018
                : 06 August 2019
                : 03 June 2019
                Categories
                Article

                curriculum design,innovation,study reform,national licensure exam,curricular changes,undergraduate training,framework of reference,outcome-based education

                Comments

                Comment on this article