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      Factors associated with loss to follow-up in tuberculosis treatment in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study Translated title: Fatores associados à perda de seguimento do tratamento para tuberculose no Brasil: coorte retrospectiva Translated title: Factores asociados a la pérdida de seguimiento del tratamiento para la tuberculosis en Brasil: cohorte retrospectiva

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with loss to follow-up in tuberculosis cases among adults in Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Method: Retrospective cohort with secondary data from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. A total of 24,344 people diagnosed with tuberculosis whose information was complete in the database were included. Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were estimated by binary logistic regression. Results: Higher odds of loss to follow-up were observed for males, non-white ethnicity/color, with lower education level, homeless or deprived of liberty, who used drugs, alcohol and/or tobacco, with admission due to recurrence or re-entry after abandonment, and with unknown or positive serology for HIV. On the other hand, older age, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, deprivation of libertyand supervised treatment were associated with lower odds of loss to follow-up. Conclusion: Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical-epidemiological factors were associated with the loss to follow-up in tuberculosis cases, which reiterates the various vulnerabilities intertwined with the illness and treatment of this disease. Therefore, there is a need to promote strategies aimed at adherence and linkage to the care for groups most vulnerable to loss to follow-up in tuberculosis treatment in Brazil.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados à perda de seguimento dos casos de tuberculose entre adultos no Brasil em 2020 e 2021. Método: Coorte retrospectiva com dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Brasil. Foram incluídas 24.344 pessoas diagnosticadas com tuberculose cujas informações estavam completas no banco de dados. Razões de chances ajustadas eintervalos de confiança foram estimados por regressão logística binária. Resultados: Observaram-se maiores chances de perda de seguimento para pessoas do sexo masculino, deetnia/cor não branca, combaixa escolaridade, em situação de rua, que faziamuso de drogas, álcool e/outabaco, com entrada porrecorrênciaou reingressoapós abandono, e com sorologia desconhecida oupositiva para HIV. Por outro lado, a idade mais avançada, a forma extrapulmonar da tuberculose, a privação de liberdade eo tratamento supervisionado associaram-se a menores chances. Conclusão: Fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e clínico-epidemiológicos estiveram associadosà perda de seguimento dos casos de tuberculose, o que reitera as diversas vulnerabilidades imbricadas ao adoecimento e ao tratamento dessa doença. Portanto, constata-se a necessidade depromoção de estratégias que visem à adesão e à vinculação ao cuidado dos grupos mais vulneráveis à perda de seguimento do tratamento para tuberculoseno Brasil.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a la pérdida de seguimiento de los casos de tuberculosis entre adultos en Brasil en 2020 y 2021. Método: Cohorte retrospectiva con datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria de Brasil. Se incluyeron un total de 24.344 personas diagnosticadas con tuberculosis cuya información estaba completa en la base de datos. Las razones de probabilidad ajustadas y los intervalos de confianza se estimaron mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Se observaron mayores posibilidades de perder el seguimiento para el sexo masculino, de etnia/color no blanco, con baja escolaridad, sin hogar, que usaban drogas, alcohol y/o tabaco, con ingreso por recidiva o reingreso tras abandono, y con serología desconocida o positiva para VIH. Por otro lado, la edad avanzada, la forma extrapulmonar de tuberculosis, la privación de libertad y el tratamiento supervisado se asociaron con menores probabilidades. Conclusión: Factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y clínico-epidemiológicos se asociaron a la pérdida del seguimiento de los casos de tuberculosis, lo que reitera las diversas vulnerabilidades entrelazadas con la enfermedad y el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de promover estrategias dirigidas a la adherencia y la vinculación a la atención de los grupos más vulnerables a la pérdida del tratamiento de seguimiento de la tuberculosis en Brasil.

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          Adherence interventions and outcomes of tuberculosis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies

          Background Incomplete adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment increases the risk of delayed culture conversion with continued transmission in the community, as well as treatment failure, relapse, and development or amplification of drug resistance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of adherence interventions, including directly observed therapy (DOT), to determine which approaches lead to improved TB treatment outcomes. Methods and findings We systematically reviewed Medline as well as the references of published review articles for relevant studies of adherence to multidrug treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB through February 3, 2018. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as well as prospective and retrospective cohort studies (CSs) with an internal or external control group that evaluated any adherence intervention and conducted a meta-analysis of their impact on TB treatment outcomes. Our search identified 7,729 articles, of which 129 met the inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis. Seven adherence categories were identified, including DOT offered by different providers and at various locations, reminders and tracers, incentives and enablers, patient education, digital technologies (short message services [SMSs] via mobile phones and video-observed therapy [VOT]), staff education, and combinations of these interventions. When compared with DOT alone, self-administered therapy (SAT) was associated with lower rates of treatment success (CS: risk ratio [RR] 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.89; RCT: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.98), adherence (CS: RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.93), and sputum smear conversion (RCT: RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87–0.98) as well as higher rates of development of drug resistance (CS: RR 4.19, 95% CI 2.34–7.49). When compared to DOT provided by healthcare providers, DOT provided by family members was associated with a lower rate of adherence (CS: RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.94). DOT delivery in the community versus at the clinic was associated with a higher rate of treatment success (CS: RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.15) and sputum conversion at the end of two months (CS: RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.08) as well as lower rates of treatment failure (CS: RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33–0.95) and loss to follow-up (CS: RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40–0.98). Medication monitors improved adherence and treatment success and VOT was comparable with DOT. SMS reminders led to a higher treatment completion rate in one RCT and were associated with higher rates of cure and sputum conversion when used in combination with medication monitors. TB treatment outcomes improved when patient education, healthcare provider education, incentives and enablers, psychological interventions, reminders and tracers, or mobile digital technologies were employed. Our findings are limited by the heterogeneity of the included studies and lack of standardized research methodology on adherence interventions. Conclusion TB treatment outcomes are improved with the use of adherence interventions, such as patient education and counseling, incentives and enablers, psychological interventions, reminders and tracers, and digital health technologies. Trained healthcare providers as well as community delivery provides patient-centered DOT options that both enhance adherence and improve treatment outcomes as compared to unsupervised, SAT alone.
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            Global tuberculosis reports 2022

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              Smartphone-enabled video-observed versus directly observed treatment for tuberculosis: a multicentre, analyst-blinded, randomised, controlled superiority trial

              Summary Background Directly observed treatment (DOT) has been the standard of care for tuberculosis since the early 1990s, but it is inconvenient for patients and service providers. Video-observed therapy (VOT) has been conditionally recommended by WHO as an alternative to DOT. We tested whether levels of treatment observation were improved with VOT. Methods We did a multicentre, analyst-blinded, randomised controlled superiority trial in 22 clinics in England (UK). Eligible participants were patients aged at least 16 years with active pulmonary or non-pulmonary tuberculosis who were eligible for DOT according to local guidance. Exclusion criteria included patients who did not have access to charging a smartphone. We randomly assigned participants to either VOT (daily remote observation using a smartphone app) or DOT (observations done three to five times per week in the home, community, or clinic settings). Randomisation was done by the SealedEnvelope service using minimisation. DOT involved treatment observation by a health-care or lay worker, with any remaining daily doses self-administered. VOT was provided by a centralised service in London. Patients were trained to record and send videos of every dose ingested 7 days per week using a smartphone app. Trained treatment observers viewed these videos through a password-protected website. Patients were also encouraged to report adverse drug events on the videos. Smartphones and data plans were provided free of charge by study investigators. DOT or VOT observation records were completed by observers until treatment or study end. The primary outcome was completion of 80% or more scheduled treatment observations over the first 2 months following enrolment. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and restricted (including only patients completing at least 1 week of observation on allocated arm) analyses were done. Superiority was determined by a 15% difference in the proportion of patients with the primary outcome (60% vs 75%). This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry, number ISRCTN26184967. Findings Between Sept 1, 2014, and Oct 1, 2016, we randomly assigned 226 patients; 112 to VOT and 114 to DOT. Overall, 131 (58%) patients had a history of homelessness, imprisonment, drug use, alcohol problems or mental health problems. In the ITT analysis, 78 (70%) of 112 patients on VOT achieved ≥80% scheduled observations successfully completed during the first 2 months compared with 35 (31%) of 114 on DOT (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5·48, 95% CI 3·10–9·68; p<0·0001). In the restricted analysis, 78 (77%) of 101 patients on VOT achieved the primary outcome compared with 35 (63%) of 56 on DOT (adjusted OR 2·52; 95% CI 1·17–5·54; p=0·017). Stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting were the most common adverse events reported (in 16 [14%] of 112 on VOT and nine [8%] of 114 on DOT). Interpretation VOT was a more effective approach to observation of tuberculosis treatment than DOT. VOT is likely to be preferable to DOT for many patients across a broad range of settings, providing a more acceptable, effective, and cheaper option for supervision of daily and multiple daily doses than DOT. Funding National Institute for Health Research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rgenf
                Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem
                Rev. Gaúcha Enferm.
                Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Escola de Enfermagem (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                0102-6933
                1983-1447
                2023
                : 44
                : e20230077
                Affiliations
                [2] Campo Mourão Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Paraná orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Brasil
                [1] Maringá Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Maringá orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem Brazil
                Article
                S1983-14472023000100487 S1983-1447(23)04400000487
                10.1590/1983-1447.2023.20230077.en
                38055461
                318ddec0-cb63-4439-ac07-3b5147c93ccb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 August 2023
                : 11 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Tuberculose,Continuidad de la atención al paciente,Modelos logísticos,Estudios de cohortes,Perdida de seguimiento,Tuberculosis,Continuity of patient care,Logistic models,Cohort studies,Lost to follow-up,Continuidade da assistência ao paciente,Estudos de coortes,Perda de seguimento

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