Gender and Age Differences in Hourly and Daily Patterns of Sedentary Time in Older Adults Living in Retirement Communities

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Abstract

Background

Total sedentary time varies across population groups with important health consequences. Patterns of sedentary time accumulation may vary and have differential health risks. The purpose of this study is to describe sedentary patterns of older adults living in retirement communities and illustrate gender and age differences in those patterns.

Methods

Baseline accelerometer data from 307 men and women (mean age = 84±6 years) who wore ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers for ≥ 4 days as part of a physical activity intervention were classified into bouts of sedentary time (<100 counts per minute). Linear mixed models were used to account for intra-person and site-level clustering. Daily and hourly summaries were examined in mutually non-exclusive bouts of sedentary time that were 1+, 5+, 10+, 20+, 30+, 40+, 50+, 60+, 90+ and 120+ minutes in duration. Variations by time of day, age and gender were explored.

Results

Men accumulated more sedentary time than women in 1+, 5+, 10+, 20+, 30+, 40+, 50+ and 60+ minute bouts; the largest gender-differences were observed in 10+ and 20+ minute bouts. Age was positively associated with sedentary time, but only in bouts of 10+, 20+, 30+, and 40+ minutes. Women had more daily 1+ minute sedentary bouts than men (71.8 vs. 65.2), indicating they break up sedentary time more often. For men and women, a greater proportion of time was spent being sedentary during later hours of the day than earlier. Gender differences in intra-day sedentary time were observed during morning hours with women accumulating less sedentary time overall and having more 1+ minute bouts.

Conclusions

Patterns identified using bouts of sedentary time revealed gender and age differences in the way in which sedentary time was accumulated by older adults in retirement communities. Awareness of these patterns can help interventionists better target sedentary time and may aid in the identification of health risks associated with sedentary behavior. Future studies should investigate the impact of patterns of sedentary time on healthy aging, disease, and mortality.

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Most cited references 10

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Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability.

J M Guralnik, L Ferrucci, E Simonsick … (1995)

Functional assessment is an important part of the evaluation of elderly persons. We conducted this study to determine whether objective measures of physical function can predict subsequent disability in older persons. This prospective cohort study included men and women 71 years of age or older who were living in the community, who reported no disability in the activities of daily living, and who reported that they were able to walk one-half mile (0.8 km) and climb stairs without assistance. The subjects completed a short battery of physical-performance tests and participated in a follow-up interview four years later. The tests included an assessment of standing balance, a timed 8-ft (2.4-m) walk at a normal pace, and a timed test of five repetitions of rising from a chair and sitting down. Among the 1122 subjects who were not disabled at base line and who participated in the four-year follow-up, lower scores on the base-line performance tests were associated with a statistically significant, graduated increase in the frequency of disability in the activities of daily living and mobility-related disability at follow-up. After adjustment for age, sex, and the presence of chronic disease, those with the lowest scores on the performance tests were 4.2 to 4.9 times as likely to have disability at four years as those with the highest performance scores, and those with intermediate performance scores were 1.6 to 1.8 times as likely to have disability. Among nondisabled older persons living in the community, objective measures of lower-extremity function were highly predictive of subsequent disability. Measures of physical performance may identify older persons with a preclinical stage of disability who may benefit from interventions to prevent the development of frank disability.

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Methods of Measurement in epidemiology: sedentary Behaviour.

Andrew Atkin, Trish Gorely, Stacy Clemes … (2012)

Research examining sedentary behaviour as a potentially independent risk factor for chronic disease morbidity and mortality has expanded rapidly in recent years. We present a narrative overview of the sedentary behaviour measurement literature. Subjective and objective methods of measuring sedentary behaviour suitable for use in population-based research with children and adults are examined. The validity and reliability of each method is considered, gaps in the literature specific to each method identified and potential future directions discussed. To date, subjective approaches to sedentary behaviour measurement, e.g. questionnaires, have focused predominantly on TV viewing or other screen-based behaviours. Typically, such measures demonstrate moderate reliability but slight to moderate validity. Accelerometry is increasingly being used for sedentary behaviour assessments; this approach overcomes some of the limitations of subjective methods, but detection of specific postures and postural changes by this method is somewhat limited. Instruments developed specifically for the assessment of body posture have demonstrated good reliability and validity in the limited research conducted to date. Miniaturization of monitoring devices, interoperability between measurement and communication technologies and advanced analytical approaches are potential avenues for future developments in this field. High-quality measurement is essential in all elements of sedentary behaviour epidemiology, from determining associations with health outcomes to the development and evaluation of behaviour change interventions. Sedentary behaviour measurement remains relatively under-developed, although new instruments, both objective and subjective, show considerable promise and warrant further testing.

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Screening for depression in the older adult: criterion validity of the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

M Irwin, K Artin, M N Oxman (2015)

The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) has been widely used in studies of late-life depression. While the CES-D is convenient to use in most settings, it can present problems for elderly respondents who may find the response format confusing, the questions emotionally stressful, and the time to complete burdensome. A briefer 10-item version has been proposed, but there are few data on its properties as a screening instrument. The 10-item CES-D was administered in 2 studies. In study 1, a stratified sample of middle-aged depressed patients (n = 40) and comparison controls (n = 43) were administered the CES-D to determine an optimal cutoff score. In study 2, the accuracy of the CES-D optimal cutoff score was tested in a sample of adults older than 60 years (n = 68). Major depression diagnoses were derived from the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, with consensus diagnoses using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Reliability statistics with the 10-item CES-D were found to be comparable to those reported for the original CES-D. Using an optimal cutoff score of 4 in study 1, the sensitivity of the 10-item CES-D was 97%; specificity, 84%; and positive predictive value, 85%. In the study 2 sample of older adults, the sensitivity of the CES-D was 100%; specificity, 93%; and positive predictive value, 38%. The 10-item CES-D has excellent properties for use as a screening instrument for the identification of major depression in older adults.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Dirce Maria Trevisan Zanetta: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 21 August 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 10

Issue: 8

Electronic Location Identifier: e0136161

Affiliations

[1 ]San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

[2 ]Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America

[3 ]Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America

[4 ]Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

[5 ]Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

[6 ]Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California

School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, BRAZIL

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Conceived and designed the experiments: JB JAC DR AS LN JK. Performed the experiments: JB AS. Analyzed the data: JB AS VB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JB JAC AS LN VB AZL KM KC JK. Wrote the paper: JB JAC DR AS LN VB AZL DDS KM KC JK.

* E-mail: jbellettiere@ 123456ucsd.edu

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-18082

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136161

PMC ID: 4546658

PubMed ID: 26296095

SO-VID: 319adbf8-5d2c-45b7-ab61-73a8ef55f52c

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

History

Date received : 27 April 2015

Date accepted : 31 July 2015

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 15

Funding

This study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, R01HL098425. Funding was received by JK. Dr. Carlson was funded by NIH grant T32 HL79891. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Gender and Age Differences in Hourly and Daily Patterns of Sedentary Time in Older Adults Living in Retirement Communities

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Most cited references 10

Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability.

Methods of Measurement in epidemiology: sedentary Behaviour.

Screening for depression in the older adult: criterion validity of the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

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