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      Association of hair iron levels with creativity and psychological variables related to creativity

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          Abstract

          Creativity generally involves the conception of original and valuable ideas. Previous studies have suggested an association between creativity and the dopaminergic system, and that physical activity facilitates creativity. Iron plays a key role in the dopaminergic system and physical activity. Here, we newly investigated the associations between hair iron levels and creativity, dopamine-related traits and states [novelty seeking, extraversion, and vigor (motivational state)], as well as the physical activity level. In the present study, we addressed this issue by performing a hair mineral analysis to determine iron levels and a behavioral creativity test of divergent thinking and related psychological measures among young adults (254 men, 88 women; mean age 20.79 ± 2.03 years). Iron levels did not show any significant association with creativity but displayed significant positive associations with novelty seeking, extraversion, and physical activity level. These results may be partly congruent with the notion that iron plays a key role in the dopaminergic system and imply that iron is important for traits and physical activity, which facilitate creativity. Future interventional or longitudinal studies are warranted to identify any causal effects.

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          Process Analysis: Estimating Mediation in Treatment Evaluations

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            On the Adaptive Control of the False Discovery Rate in Multiple Testing With Independent Statistics

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              A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures.

              Analytical solutions for point and variance estimators of the mediated effect, the ratio of the mediated to the direct effect, and the proportion of the total effect that is mediated were studied with statistical simulations. We compared several approximate solutions based on the multivariate delta method and second order Taylor series expansions to the empirical standard deviation of each estimator and theoretical standard error when available. The simulations consisted of 500 replications of three normally distributed variables for eight sample sizes (N = 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000) and 64 parameter value combinations. The different solutions for the standard error of the indirect effect were very similar for sample sizes of at least 50, except when the independent variable was dichotomized. A sample size of at least 500 was needed for accurate point and variance estimates of the proportion mediated. The point and variance estimates of the ratio of the mediated to nonmediated effect did not stabilize until the sample size was 2,000 for the all continuous variable case. Implications for the estimation of mediated effects in experimental and nonexperimental studies are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5161
                18 December 2013
                2013
                : 7
                : 875
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                [2] 2Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                [3] 3Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                [4] 4Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                [5] 5Human and Social Response Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                [6] 6Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                [7] 7Graduate Schools for Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
                [8] 8Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo, Japan
                [9] 9Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Zbigniew R. Struzik, The University of Tokyo, Japan

                Reviewed by: Rex E. Jung, University of New Mexico, USA; Qinglin Zhang, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, China

                *Correspondence: Hikaru Takeuchi, Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, IDAC, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan e-mail: takehi@ 123456idac.tohoku.ac.jp

                This article was submitted to the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

                Article
                10.3389/fnhum.2013.00875
                3866515
                31ed437a-808c-4a24-bc2f-19937a5b9281
                Copyright © 2013 Takeuchi, Taki, Sekiguchi, Nouchi, Kotozaki, Nakagawa, Miyauchi, Iizuka, Yokoyama, Shinada, Yamamoto, Hanawa, Araki, Hashizume, Kunitoki, Sassa and Kawashima.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 26 September 2013
                : 30 November 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 96, Pages: 9, Words: 8098
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research Article

                Neurosciences
                creativity,hair minerals,iron,dopamine,novelty seeking,motivation,extraversion,physical activity
                Neurosciences
                creativity, hair minerals, iron, dopamine, novelty seeking, motivation, extraversion, physical activity

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