The Effect of Educational Intervention on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Women towards Breast Cancer Screening

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Abstract

Background

Early identification of breast cancer may result in earlier treatment and a lower mortality rate. This fact has resulted in the development of screening programs to detect breast cancer in its early stages; thus, the current study sought to investigate the influence of educational intervention on knowledge, attitude, and practice about breast cancer screening in Izeh, Khozestan Province, Iran.

Materials and Methods

This experiment was carried out on the women of Izeh city in 2019. This study included 120 women who were randomized into the experimental and control groups at random (60 in the experimental and 60 in the control groups). Before and two months after the intervention, data were collected using a researcher-created questionnaire by the control and education groups. The intervention program for the intervention group included eight educational sessions over the course of two months. The SPSS 20 statistical program was used to examine the data, as well as the paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square.

Results

There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups' mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice prior to the educational intervention, but a significant difference was observed after the intervention, with the experimental group obtaining significantly higher mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice ( P = 0.05).

Conclusion

In the present study, the educational intervention on the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards breast cancer screening led to the increased scores of the experimental group compared to control group.

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Most cited references 43

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Cancer incidence and mortality in Iran.

S.M. Mousavi, M.M. Gouya, R. Ramazani … (2009)

Cancer is the third main cause of death in Iran. This report was provided for explaining cancer incidence and mortality. The National Cancer Registry reports from 2003 to 2006, population-based cancer registry reports from five provinces in 2006 and National Death Registry reports from 1999 to 2004 have been applied in this report. The age-standardized incidence rate of cancers was 98 and 110 per 100,000 among females and males. The male to female standard ratio was 1.12. The most common cancer among women and men was breast cancer (24) and stomach cancer (15), respectively. The estimated mortality rate for cancer was 41.1 and 65 per 100,000 for females and males in 2004. The current low cancer incidence rates in Iran might be due to lack of national cancer screening programs for prostate, colorectal or breast cancer, a consequence of incomplete registration as well as incomplete diagnosis of cancer patients; it is expected that it will rise dramatically in the future because of anticipated increase in life expectancy and westernized lifestyle. The first priorities for health policy makers should be developing, establishing and implementing national cancer control; or else, the health system could not respond to the demands regarding to diagnosis, treatment and palliation for these patients in the future.

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Breast cancer in Iran: need for greater women awareness of warning signs and effective screening methods

Ali Montazeri, Mariam Vahdaninia, Iraj Harirchi … (2008)

Background Breast cancer remains an important public health problem. This study aimed to investigate about female knowledge of breast cancer and self-reported practice of breast self-examination in Iran. Methods This was a population-based survey carried out in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire containing 15 questions on demographic status, history of personal and family breast problems, subjective knowledge about breast cancer covering its symptoms, the screening methods and practice of breast self-examination (BSE). A trained female nurse interviewed each respondent. Analysis included descriptive statistics and the Chi-squared test where necessary. Results A total of 1402 women were interviewed. The mean age of respondents was 43.4 (SD = 14.4) years; most were married (85%), and without any personal (94%) and family history (90%) of breast problems. It was found that 64% of the respondents were familiar with breast cancer and 61% (n = 851) believed that 'the disease is relatively common among women in Iran'. Most women (44%) perceived a painless mass as a breast cancer symptom. Overall, 61% of the respondents stated that they knew about breast cancer screening programs and most indicated that electronic media (television 34% and radio 14%) were their source of information. Only 17% of women said that 'they were conducting regular breast self-examination'. The main reason for women not doing breast self-examination was due to the fact that they did not know how to do it (64%). The findings indicated that performing breast self-examination is significantly related to: age, marital status, education, knowledge of breast cancer and knowledge about breast cancer screening programs (p < 0.05), but not to personal (P = 0.2) and family (P = 0.7) history of breast problems. Conclusion This descriptive study provides useful information that could be utilized by both researchers and those involved in public health programmes. The findings indicated that the women awareness of breast cancer warning signs (painless lump, retraction of nipple, and bloody discharge) and effective screening methods i.e. clinical examination, and mammography were very inadequate. Thus, health education programmes to rectify the lack of women awareness is urgently needed. Indeed the focus of primary health care providers should be to raise awareness about breast care among women and to encourage them to report any unusual changes in their breasts to their family or care physicians.

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Cancer registry in Iran: a brief overview.

Seyed Nouraie, Moslem Bahadori, Alireza Sadjadi … (2008)

Cancer registry is an important tool for any successful cancer control program. The first formal cancer related data from Iran were published in 1956. In 1969, observations documenting a high incidence of esophageal cancer in the Caspian Littoral, urged researchers to set up the first population-based cancer registry in this region. This cancer registry was established jointly by University of Tehran and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In 1976, another cancer registry started its activities in Fars Province. In 1984, the Parliament passed a bill mandating the report of all tissues "diagnosed or suspected as cancer tissue" to the Ministry of Health. While only 187percnt; of all estimated cancer cases were reported in first reports, this rate increased to 81% in 2005 In 1998, Tehran Population-Based Cancer Registry started to collect data from cases of cancer referred to the treatment and diagnostic facilities throughout the Tehran metropolis. Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, established four new population-based cancer registries in Northern Iran and another in Kerman Province in the south. These five provinces have a total population of about 9.5 million, and constitute about 16% of the total population of Iran. While the pathology-based cancer registration is in place, we hope that the addition of the population-based cancer registries, and establishment of new registries in poorly-covered areas, will improve cancer reporting in the country.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ali Khani Jeihooni:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-3356

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Breast Cancer

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Breast Cancer

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijbc

Title: International Journal of Breast Cancer

Publisher: Hindawi

ISSN (Print): 2090-3170

ISSN (Electronic): 2090-3189

Publication date Collection: 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2022

Volume: 2022

Electronic Location Identifier: 5697739

Affiliations

¹Nutrition Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

²Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

³Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

Author notes

Academic Editor: Pranshu Sahgal

Author information

Ali Khani Jeihooni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-3356

Article

DOI: 10.1155/2022/5697739

PMC ID: 9162849

PubMed ID: 35663837

SO-VID: 3260c1e1-7e5c-4090-8b3b-194f522ccee8

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The Effect of Educational Intervention on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Women towards Breast Cancer Screening

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Abstract

Background

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

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Karger: Oncology

Most cited references 43

Cancer incidence and mortality in Iran.

Breast cancer in Iran: need for greater women awareness of warning signs and effective screening methods

Cancer registry in Iran: a brief overview.

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