Green synthesis palladium nanoparticles mediated by white tea ( Camellia sinensis) extract with antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities toward the human leukemia (MOLT-4) cell line

Abstract

Among nanoparticles used for medical applications, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are among the least investigated. This study was undertaken to develop PdNPs by green synthesis using white tea (W.tea; Camellia sinensis) extract to produce the [e-mail] NPs. The [e-mail] NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry, and evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The [e-mail] NPs were spherical (size 6–18 nm) and contained phenols and flavonoids acquired from the W.tea extract. [e-mail] NPs has good 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), OH, and NO-scavenging properties as well as antibacterial effects toward Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. MTT assay showed that [e-mail] NPs (IC ₅₀ =0.006 μM) were more antiproliferative toward the human leukemia (MOLT-4) cells than the W.tea extract (IC ₅₀ =0.894 μM), doxorubicin (IC ₅₀ =2.133 μM), or cisplatin (IC ₅₀ =0.013 μM), whereas they were relatively innocuous for normal human fibroblast (HDF-a) cells. The anticancer cell effects of [e-mail] NPs are mediated through the induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell-cycle arrest.