Balancing cardiovascular (CV) and cancer death among patients with small renal masses: modification by CV risk

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Abstract

To assess modification of comparative cancer survival by cardiovascular (CV) risk and treatment strategy among older patients with small renal masses (SRMs).

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Rising incidence of small renal masses: a need to reassess treatment effect.

John Hollingsworth, David C Miller, Stephanie Daignault … (2006)

The incidence of kidney cancer has been rising over the last two decades, especially in cases where the disease is localized. Although rates of renal surgery parallel this trend, mortality rates have continued to rise. To investigate the basis of this "treatment disconnect" (i.e., increased rates of treatment accompanied by increased mortality rates), we analyzed patient data from nine registries of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. We assembled a cohort of 34,503 kidney cancer patients and derived incidence, treatment, and mortality trends for kidney cancer, overall and as a function of tumor size. From 1983 to 2002, the overall age-adjusted incidence rate for kidney cancer rose from 7.1 to 10.8 cases per 100,000 US population; tumors 7 cm. Our results demonstrate that the rising incidence of kidney cancer is largely attributable to an increase in small renal masses that are presumably curable. The fact that increased detection and treatment of small tumors is not reducing mortality argues for a reassessment of the current treatment paradigm.

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Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy in patients with small renal tumors--is there a difference in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes?

William C Huang, Elena Elkin, Andrew Levey … (2008)

Compared with partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy increases the risk of chronic kidney disease, which is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events and death. Given equivalent oncological efficacy in patients with small renal tumors, radical nephrectomy may result in overtreatment. We analyzed a population based cohort of patients to determine whether radical nephrectomy is associated with an increase in cardiovascular events and mortality compared with partial nephrectomy. Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims we identified 2,991 patients older than 66 years who were treated with radical or partial nephrectomy for renal tumors 4 cm or less between 1995 and 2002. The primary end points of cardiovascular events and overall survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival estimation, Cox proportional hazards regression and negative binomial regression. A total of 2,547 patients (81%) underwent radical nephrectomy and 556 (19%) underwent partial nephrectomy. During a median followup of 4 years 609 patients experienced a cardiovascular event and 892 died. When adjusting for preoperative demographic and comorbid variables, radical nephrectomy was associated with an increased risk of overall mortality (HR 1.38, p <0.01) and a 1.4 times greater number of cardiovascular events after surgery (p <0.05). However, radical nephrectomy was not significantly associated with time to first cardiovascular event (HR 1.21, p = 0.10) or with cardiovascular death (HR 0.95, p = 0.84). Radical nephrectomy, which is currently the most common treatment for small renal tumors, may be associated with significant, adverse treatment effects compared with partial nephrectomy. Partial nephrectomy should be considered in most patients with small renal tumors.

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Renal cell cancer stage migration: analysis of the National Cancer Data Base.

Christopher Kane, Katherine Mallin, Jamie Ritchey … (2008)

Evidence exists to suggest a pattern of increasing early diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the study was to analyze patterns of disease presentation and outcome of RCC by AJCC stage using data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) over a 12-year period. The NCDB was queried for adults diagnosed between 1993 and 2004 presenting with ICD-O-2 of 3 renal cell tumors arising in the kidney. Cases were classified by demographics, 2002 AJCC stage (6th edition), and histology. The Cochran-Armitage Test for Trend was used to determine statistical significance of trends over time. Cox regression multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the impact of stage and histology on relative survival. SPSS 14.0 was used for analyses. Between 1993 and 2004 a total of 205,963 patients from the NCDB fit our case definition of RCC. Comparisons between 1993 and 2004 data show an increase in stage I disease and decrease in stage II, III, and IV disease (P < or = .001). The size of stage I tumors also decreased from a mean of 4.1 cm in 1993 to 3.6 cm in 2003. In multivariate analysis, stage, but not histology, predicted relative survival. A 3.3% increase in survival was found for patients diagnosed in 1998 compared with patients diagnosed in 1993. A greater proportion of newly diagnosed patients with RCC currently present with stage I disease compared with earlier years. Stage predicts relative survival for patients with kidney cancer. More recently diagnosed patients have improved relative survival. (Copyright) 2008 American Cancer Society.