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      Épidémiologie des diarrhées aiguës infectieuses en France et en Europe Translated title: Epidemiology of infectious acute diarrhoea in France and Europe

      research-article
      * ,
      Archives De Pediatrie
      Published by Elsevier Masson SAS
      Gastroentérites, Diarrhées

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          Résumé

          Le terme de diarrhée infectieuse recouvre des pathologies dues à des agents pathogènes d'une grande diversité. Les virus représentent plus de la moitié des étiologies et parmi eux, les rotavirus et les calicivirus sont responsables de près de 60 % des gastroentérites virales. Les rotavirus sont à l'origine de plus de la moitié des gastro-entérites sévères. Les calicivirus, et plus spécifiquement les norovirus sont des agents majeurs de gastro-entérites communautaires de sévérité modérée et d'épidémies d'origine hydriques ou alimentaires. Les astrovirus et les adénovirus restent minoritaires, en dehors d'une immunodépression sous-jacente. Les co-infections par plusieurs virus sont fréquentes (5 à 15 % des cas). Les caractéristiques épidémiologiques de ces virus sont très différentes et, à ce jour, la surveillance épidémiologique mise en place après les premiers essais de vaccination contre les rotavirus n'a pas montré d'augmentation des infections à calicivirus ou à adénovirus. Les améliorations diagnostiques apportées par les techniques de typage moléculaire ont montré la très grande diversité génétique au sein des différents genres viraux, et la possibilité de recombinaison ou d'échange génétiques entre souches circulantes et entre souches humaines et animales, avec émergence de souches nouvelles ou « variants » capable de se propager dans des populations géographiquement éloignées. Cette dynamique doit faire l'objet d'une surveillance continue, dans le cadre de la mise en place des nouveaux vaccins rotavirus.

          Translated abstract

          Acute infectious diarrhoea can be linked to various pathogens among which viruses are responsible for more than a half cases. Rotaviruses and caliciviruses are the most frequently encountered, in close to 60 % of viral gastroenterititis. Rotaviruses account for more than 50 % of severe diseases and caliciviruses, especially norovirus are reponsible for less severe sporadic gastroenteritis and water-or food- borne epidemics. Astroviruses and adenoviruses are minority, excepted for immunocompromised patients. Viral or Bacterial and viral co- infections are frequent (up to 15 %). To date, the first rotavirus vaccine assays did not reveal any shift from a viral genus to another, such as calicivirus or adenovirns, according to the fact that epidemiologic features of these viruses are quite different. Progress in viral diagnosis and genotyping enabled to analyse viral diversity and to follow viral recombination events, and emergence of new variants that could propagate among various countries. This dynamic evolution that concerns not only Europe but also developing countries should be carefully surveyed at the era of rotavirus vaccination.

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          Most cited references55

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          Rotavirus and Severe Childhood Diarrhea

          Studies published between 1986 and 1999 indicated that rotavirus causes ≈22% (range 17%–28%) of childhood diarrhea hospitalizations. From 2000 to 2004, this proportion increased to 39% (range 29%–45%). Application of this proportion to the recent World Health Organization estimates of diarrhea-related childhood deaths gave an estimated 611,000 (range 454,000–705,000) rotavirus-related deaths.
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            Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant.

            Highly publicised outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in hospitals in the UK and Ireland and cruise ships in the USA sparked speculation about whether this reported activity was unusual. We analysed data collected through a collaborative research and surveillance network of viral gastroenteritis in ten European countries (England and Wales were analysed as one region). We compiled data on total number of outbreaks by month, and compared genetic sequences from the isolated viruses. Data were compared with historic data from a systematic retrospective review of surveillance systems and with a central database of viral sequences. Three regions (England and Wales, Germany, and the Netherlands) had sustained epidemiological and viral characterisation data from 1995 to 2002. In all three, we noted a striking increase in norovirus outbreaks in 2002 that coincided with the detection and emergence of a new predominant norovirus variant of genogroup II4, which had a consistent mutation in the polymerase gene. Eight of nine regions had an annual peak in 2002 and the new genogroup II4 variant was detected in nine countries. Also, the detection of the new variant preceded an atypical spring and summer peak of outbreaks in three countries. Our data from ten European countries show a striking increase and unusual seasonal pattern of norovirus gastroenteritis in 2002 that occurred concurrently with the emergence of a novel genetic variant. In addition to showing the added value of an international network for viral gastroenteritis outbreaks, these observations raise questions about the biological properties of the variant and the mechanisms for its rapid dissemination.
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              Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study.

              We investigated the natural history of human Calicivirus infection in the community. Clinical information was obtained from 99 subjects infected with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) and 40 subjects infected with Sapporo-like viruses (SLV) in a prospective, community-based cohort study. NLV infection was common in all age groups, whereas SLV infection was mainly restricted to children aged /=1 year (>75% for NLV and >67% for SLV). Overall, NLV was detected in 26% of patients up to 3 weeks after the onset of illness. This proportion was highest (38%) for children aged <1 year. SLV shedding subsided after 14 days. These data show that the durations of disease and viral shedding of caliciviruses are longer than has been described elsewhere. Therefore, the impact of these infections may have been underestimated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Arch Pediatr
                Arch Pediatr
                Archives De Pediatrie
                Published by Elsevier Masson SAS
                0929-693X
                1769-664X
                22 October 2007
                October 2007
                22 October 2007
                : 14
                : S132-S144
                Affiliations
                Service de Bactériologie- Virologie-Hygiène, CHU Dupuytren, 2 av Martin Luther King 87042 Limoges cedex, France
                Author notes
                Article
                S0929-693X(07)80017-0
                10.1016/S0929-693X(07)80017-0
                7133232
                17961805
                33927d0e-4d52-4c29-903e-3341d1cfd42a
                Copyright © 2007 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                gastroentérites, diarrhées

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