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      Evaluation of the presence of MMP-2, TIMP-2, BMP2/4, and TGFβ3 in the facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate

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          Abstract

          Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common defect affecting the face. The treatment consists of surgical reconstruction of the anatomical structures of the cleft. Part of the surgical treatment is reconstruction of the alveolar bone by means of autogenic bone grafting (osteoplasty). This study aimed to evaluate the levels of expression of extracellular matrix remodeling factors in the facial tissue of children with a complete unilateral (CU) and a complete bilateral (CB) CLP to assess whether the wound healing process is adequate. Twenty-two CLP patients were enrolled in this study. Tissue samples were collected during alveolar osteoplasty for unilateral ( n = 12) or bilateral ( n = 10) cleft palate, (age range from 6 years 8 months to 12 years 2 months). Control material was obtained in the case of tooth extraction (age range from 6 years 9 months to 14 years 5 months). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2/4), and transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3). Numbers of positively stained cells were graded semi-quantitatively. Data were analysed using the Kraskel-Wallis rank test and the Bonferroni correction. The total number of MMP2-positive cells was significantly lower in the CBCLP and in the control group than in the CUCLP ( p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The total number of TIMP2-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group ( p < 0.001; p < 0.003 after the Bonferroni correction). The overall number of BMP2/4, TGFβ3-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group ( p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The decrease of the relative amount of statistically significant BMP2/4, TGFβ3, MMP-2, TIMP-2 containing bone cells in CBCLP patients identifies affected alveolar bone regeneration and remodeling process.

          Translated abstract

          VAIKŲ, TURINČIŲ NESUAUGUSIUS LŪPĄ IR GOMURĮ, MMP-2, TIMP-2, BMP2 / 4 IR TGFΒ3 NUSTATYMAS VEIDO AUDINYJE

          Santrauka

          Įvadas. Nesuaugusi lūpa ir gomurys yra labiausiai paplitęs veido pažeidimas. Gydymas susideda iš anatominių struktūrų chirurginės rekonstrukcijos. Chirurginio gydymo dalis yra alveolinio kaulo rekonstrukcija, pasitelkiant autogeninį kaulų persodinimą (osteoplastiją). Šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, ar ekstraląstelinio matrikso remodeliacijos veiksnių ekspozicija yra pakankama vaikų, turinčių visišką vienpusį ir abipusį lūpos ir gomurio nesuaugimą veido audinyje; siekta įvertinti, ar žaizdų gijimo procesas yra pakankamas. Tyrime dalyvavo dvidešimt du pacientai.

          Medžiaga ir metodai. Audinių mėginiai buvo paimti atliekant alveolinę osteoplastiką esant vienpusiam ( n = 12) arba abipusiam ( n = 10) gomurio nesuaugimui (6 metai, 8 mėnesiai – 12 metų, 2 mėnesiai). Kontrolinė medžiaga gauta danties ekstrahavimo atveju (6 metai, 9 mėnesiai – 14 metų, 5 mėnesiai). Imunohistochemija buvo naudojama matrikso metaloproteinazės-2 (MMP-2), metaloproteinazės-2 (TIMP-2) audinių inhibitoriaus, 2 ir 4 kaulų morfogenetinių baltymų (BMP2 / 4) ir transformuojančio augimo veiksnio β3 (TGFβ3) matavimų lygiui įvertinti. Teigiamai nudažytų ląstelių skaičius buvo suskirstytas pusiau kiekybiškai. Duomenys išanalizuoti taikant Kraskel-Wallis’o testą ir Bonferroni pataisą.

          Rezultatai ir išvados. Bendras MMP2 teigiamų ląstelių kiekis visiško abipusio nesuaugimo ir kontrolinėje grupėje buvo daug mažesnis nei visiško vienpusio nesuaugimo grupėje ( p < 0,001 po Bonferroni korekcijos). Bendras TIMP2 teigiamų ląstelių skaičius buvo didesnis nei visiško vienpusio bei abipusio nesuaugimo ir kontrolinėje grupėse ( p < 0,001; p < 0,003 po Bonferroni korekcijos). Bendras BMP2 / 4, TGFβ3 teigiamų ląstelių skaičius buvo didesnis visiško vienpusio nesuaugimo grupėje nei visiško abipusio nesuaugimo ir kontrolinėje grupėse ( p < 0,001 po Bonferroni korekcijos). Visiško abipusio nesuaugimo grupės pacientams santykinai sumažinus kaulų ląstelių, turinčių statistiškai reikšmingus BMP2/4, TGFβ3, MMP-2, TIMP-2, sumažėja alveolių kaulų regeneracijos ir remodeliavimo procesas.

          Raktažodžiai: nesuaugusi lūpa ir gomurys, matrikso metaloproteinazė-2, metaloproteinazės-2 audinių inhibitorius, 2 ir 4 kaulų morfogeneziniai baltymai, transformuojantis augimo veiksnys β3

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          Most cited references23

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          Fixation of ejaculated spermatozoa for electron microscopy.

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            Quantitative assessment of scaffold and growth factor-mediated repair of critically sized bone defects.

            An 8-mm rat segmental defect model was used to evaluate quantitatively the ability of longitudinally oriented poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) scaffolds with or without growth factors to promote bone healing. BMP-2 and TGF-beta3, combined with RGD-alginate hydrogel, were co-delivered to femoral defects within the polymer scaffolds at a dose previously shown to synergistically induce ectopic mineralization. A novel modular composite implant design was used to achieve reproducible stable fixation, provide a window for longitudinal in vivo micro-CT monitoring of 3D bone ingrowth, and allow torsional biomechanical testing of functional integration. Sequential micro-CT analysis showed that bone ingrowth increased significantly between 4 and 16 weeks for the scaffold-treated defects with or without growth factors, but no increase with time was observed in empty defect controls. Treatment with scaffold alone improved defect stability at 16 weeks compared to nontreatment, but did not achieve bone union or restoration of mechanical function. Augmentation of scaffolds with BMP-2 and TGF-beta3 significantly increased bone formation at both 4 and 16 weeks compared to nontreatment, but only produced bone bridging of the defect region in two of six cases. Histological evaluation indicated that bone formed first at the periphery of the scaffolds, followed by more limited mineral deposition within the scaffold interior, suggesting that the cells participating in the initial healing response were primarily derived from periosteum. This study introduces a challenging segmental defect model that facilitates quantitative evaluation of strategies to repair critically sized bone defects. Healing of the defect region was improved by implanting structural polymeric scaffolds infused with growth factors incorporated within RGD-alginate. However, functional integration of the constructs appeared limited by continued presence of slow-degrading scaffolds and suboptimal dose or delivery of osteoinductive signals. Copyright (c) 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society.
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              Loss of MMP-2 disrupts skeletal and craniofacial development and results in decreased bone mineralization, joint erosion and defects in osteoblast and osteoclast growth.

              The 'vanishing bone' or inherited osteolysis/arthritis syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of skeletal disorders characterized by mineralization defects of affected bones and joints. Differing in anatomical distribution, severity and associated syndromic features, gene identification in each 'vanishing bone' disorder should provide unique insights into genetic/molecular pathways contributing to the overall control of skeletal growth and development. We previously described and then demonstrated that the novel autosomal recessive osteolysis/arthritis syndrome, multicentric osteolysis with arthritis (MOA) (MIM #605156), was caused by inactivating mutations in the MMP2 gene [Al Aqeel, A., Al Sewairi, W., Edress, B., Gorlin, R.J., Desnick, R.J. and Martignetti, J.A. (2000) Inherited multicentric osteolysis with arthritis: A variant resembling Torg syndrome in a Saudi family. Am. J. Med. Genet., 93, 11-18.]. These in vivo results were counterintuitive and unexpected since previous in vitro studies suggested that MMP-2 overexpression and increased activity, not deficiency, would result in the bone and joint features of MOA. The apparent lack of a murine model [Itoh, T., Ikeda, T., Gomi, H., Nakao, S., Suzuki, T. and Itohara, S. (1997) Unaltered secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein in gelatinase A (matrix metalloproteinase 2)-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 22389-22392.] has hindered studies on disease pathogenesis and, more fundamentally, in addressing the paradox of how functional loss of a single proteolytic enzyme results in an apparent increase in bone loss. Here, we report that Mmp2-/- mice display attenuated features of human MOA including progressive loss of bone mineral density, articular cartilage destruction and abnormal long bone and craniofacial development. Moreover, these changes are associated with markedly and developmentally restricted decreases in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers in vivo. Mmp2-/- mice have approximately 50% fewer osteoblasts and osteoclasts than control littermates at 4 days of life but these differences have nearly resolved by 4 weeks of age. In addition, despite normal cell numbers in vivo at 8 weeks of life, Mmp2-/- bone marrow cells are unable to effectively support osteoblast and osteoclast growth and differentiation in culture. Targeted inhibition of MMP-2 using siRNA in human SaOS2 and murine MC3T3 osteoblast cell lines resulted in decreased cell proliferation rates. Taken together, our findings suggest that MMP-2 plays a direct role in early skeletal development and bone cell growth and proliferation. Thus, Mmp2-/- mice provide a valuable biological resource for studying the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the human disease and defining the in vivo physiological role of MMP-2.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Med Litu
                Acta Med Litu
                AML
                Acta Medica Lituanica
                Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers
                1392-0138
                2029-4174
                2018
                : 25
                : 2
                : 86-94
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
                [2] 2 Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
                Author notes
                * Liene Smane, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, 1007, Latvia. Email: liene.smane@ 123456rsu.lv
                Article
                10.6001/actamedica.v25i2.3761
                6130923
                33fce04c-264d-4317-a380-ba61e982ee77
                © Lietuvos mokslų akademija, 2018
                History
                : 12 February 2018
                : 15 February 2018
                Categories
                Research Article

                cleft lip and palate,matrix metalloproteinase-2,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2,bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4,transforming growth factor β3

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