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      Neuroprotección por ácido valproico y cambios en la expresión de Bcl-2 y caspasa-3 activada en ratas sometidas a isquemia/reperfusión Translated title: Neuroprotective action of valproic acid accompanied of the modification on the expression of Bcl-2 and activated caspase-3 in the brain of rats submitted to ischemia/reperfusion

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          Abstract

          El ácido valproico, que además de ser un conocido antiepiléptico, una serie de trabajos en los últimos años lo proponen como un agente neuroprotector. En éste trabajo se investigó primeramente, si el ácido valproico protege a las neuronas del daño producido por el estrés oxidativo inducido por la isquemia-reperfusión en el cerebro de ratas sanas sometidas a la oclusión transitoria de la arteria cerebral media derecha; en segundo lugar, se indagó si este fármaco induce cambios en la expresión de Bcl-2 y caspasa 3-activada como un posible mecanismo de acción sobre la muerte celular del tipo apoptótico. La evaluación neurológica de los animales que fueron sometidos a isquemia/reperfusión y recibieron ácido valproico fue mejor que los que no lo recibieron. Por otro lado, los niveles de malondialdehído en el hemisferio cerebral derecho en las ratas tratadas con ácido valproico fueron inferiores a los del mismo hemisferio del grupo control, mientras la cantidad de proteínas carboniladas se redujeron un 67% en comparación al grupo control. Además, se encontró por western blot, que en homogeneizados de tejido cerebral de los animales sometidos a isquemia/reperfusión y que recibieron ácido valproico, hubo un aumento significativo de la densidad de las bandas correspondientes a Bcl-2 y una disminución de caspasa 3-activada en comparación a los que no fueron tratados con este fármaco. Se concluye que el tratamiento con ácido valproico previno el déficit neurológico en ratas sanas sometidas a isquemia-reperfusión, bloqueando el efecto de los radicales libres sobre lípidos y proteínas de la corteza cerebral afectada y se sugiere que posiblemente este fármaco interviene en la muerte por apoptosis inducida durante este tipo de lesión, pudiendo ser una alternativa terapéutica en el tratamiento de la isquemia cerebral.

          Translated abstract

          Valproic acid, apart from being known as an anti-epileptic drug, has been proposed in the past few years, as a neuroprotective agent. The purpose of this study was to investigate firstly, if valproic acid protects the neurons from the damage produced by oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion in the brain of healthy rats, under the transitory occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Secondly it was studied if this antiepileptic drug induces changes on the expression of Bcl-2 and activated caspase-3 as a possible mechanism of action on apoptosis. The neurological evaluation of the animals that were subject to ischemia-reperfusion and received valproic acid was better than the ones who didn’t receive it. On another subject, the levels of malondialdehyde on the right cerebral hemisphere in the rats treated with valproic acid were below the levels of the control group in the same hemisphere, whereas the amount of carbonylated proteins was reduced by 67% compared to the control group. Besides, it was found by western blot, that in homogenized brain tissue of the animals under ischemia-reperfusion which received valproic acid, there was a rise on the density of the bands corresponding to Bcl-2, and a reduction of activated 3-capase in comparison to the ones who were not treated with the antiepileptic drug. It’s concluded that the treatment with valproic acid prevented the neurological deficit in healthy rats under Ischemia-reperfusion, blocking the effect of free radicals on lipids and proteins of the affected brain cortex, and it is suggested that the same drug intervenes on apoptosis induced during this type of damage, being able to be a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.

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          Most cited references38

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          Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins.

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            Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis.

            Bcl-2 inhibits most types of apoptotic cell death, implying a common mechanism of lethality. Bcl-2 is localized to intracellular sites of oxygen free radical generation including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, and nuclear membranes. Antioxidants that scavenge peroxides, N-acetylcysteine and glutathione peroxidase, countered apoptotic death, while manganese superoxide dismutase did not. Bcl-2 protected cells from H2O2- and menadione-induced oxidative deaths. Bcl-2 did not prevent the cyanide-resistant oxidative burst generated by menadione. Two model systems of apoptosis showed no increment in cyanide-resistant respiration, and generation of endogenous peroxides continued at an inherent rate that was unaltered by Bcl-2. Following an apoptotic signal, cells sustained progressive lipid peroxidation. Overexpression of Bcl-2 functioned to suppress lipid peroxidation completely. We propose a model in which Bcl-2 regulates an antioxidant pathway at sites of free radical generation.
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              Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.

              To develop a simple, relatively noninvasive small-animal model of reversible regional cerebral ischemia, we tested various methods of inducing infarction in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) by extracranial vascular occlusion in rats. In preliminary studies, 60 rats were anesthetized with ketamine and different combinations of vessels were occluded; blood pressure and arterial blood gases were monitored. Neurologic deficit, mortality rate, gross pathology, and in some instances, electroencephalogram and histochemical staining results were evaluated in all surviving rats. The principal procedure consisted of introducing a 4-0 nylon intraluminal suture into the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) and advancing it intracranially to block blood flow into the MCA; collateral blood flow was reduced by interrupting all branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and all extracranial branches of the ICA. In some groups of rats, bilateral vertebral or contralateral carotid artery occlusion was also performed. India ink perfusion studies in 20 rats documented blockage of MCA blood flow in 14 rats subjected to permanent occlusion and the restoration of blood flow to the MCA territory in six rats after withdrawal of the suture from the ICA. The best method of MCA occlusion was then selected for further confirmatory studies, including histologic examination, in five additional groups of rats anesthetized with halothane. Seven of eight rats that underwent permanent occlusion of the MCA had resolving moderately severe neurologic deficits (Grade 2 of 4) and unilateral infarcts averaging 37.6 +/- 5.5% of the coronal sectional area at 72 hours after the onset of occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ic
                Investigación Clínica
                Invest. clín
                Universidad del Zulia (Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela )
                0535-5133
                December 2015
                : 56
                : 4
                : 377-388
                Affiliations
                [01] Barquisimeto orgnameUniversidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado orgdiv1Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Unidad de Investigación en Fisiología Venezuela
                Article
                S0535-51332015000400005
                349a7c7d-0ea2-4a68-b4c8-c0799dba42fc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 17 July 2015
                : 12 January 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela


                estrés oxidativo,isquemia/reperfusión,acido valproico,apoptosis,neuroprotección,oxidative stress,ischemia/reperfusion,valproic acid,neuroprotection

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