Prevalence of and risk factors associated with the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the chronic wounds of patients treated in primary health care settings in Brazil

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Abstract

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Wounds can be colonized by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). METHODS: We evaluated the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in the wounds of patients treated at Basic Health Units in Brazil and identified risk factors associated with their presence. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA were 51.5% and 8.7%, respectively. There was a correlation between the presence of S. aureus in wounds and nostrils (p<0.01). A positive association was detected between S. aureus infection and previous benzylpenicillin use (p=0.02). No associations were observed for MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are present in primary healthcare settings in Brazil.

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Most cited references 15

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Update to the multiplex PCR strategy for assignment of mec element types in Staphylococcus aureus.

Hermínia de Lencastre, Catarina Milheiriço, Alexandre C. Oliveira (2007)

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing is important for the identification and definition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones, and for routine purposes, multiplex PCR assays are the most adequate for SCCmec typing. Here, we describe an update to the multiplex PCR strategy for SCCmec typing that we described in 2002 so that SCCmec types IV and V may be properly identified.

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Fluoroquinolones and the Risk for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitalized Patients1

Stephen Weber, Howard S Gold, David Hooper … (2003)

To determine whether fluoroquinolone exposure is a risk factor for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and whether the effect is different for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) versus methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), we studied two case groups. The first case group included 222 patients with nosocomially acquired MRSA. The second case group included 163 patients with nosocomially acquired MSSA. A total of 343 patients admitted concurrently served as controls. Outcome measures were the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for isolation of MRSA and MSSA after fluoroquinolone exposure. Exposure to both levofloxacin (OR 5.4; p < 0.0001) and ciprofloxacin (OR 2.2; p < 0.003) was associated with isolation of MRSA but not MSSA. After adjustment for multiple variables, both drugs remained risk factors for MRSA (levofloxacin OR 3.4; p < 0.0001; ciprofloxacin OR 2.5; p = 0.005) but not MSSA. Exposure to levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin is a significant risk factor for the isolation of MRSA, but not MSSA.

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The quantitative swab culture and smear: A quick, simple method for determining the number of viable aerobic bacteria on open wounds.

Nicholas A. Mason, Mark N Levine, Lisa A. Pruitt … (1976)

The quantitative swab culture is a reliable method for quantifying the number of viable bacteria colonizing open wounds. For open wounds in burn patients, the swab bacterial count is linearly related to biopsy quantification of viable bacteria in the underlying tissue. This technique is simple and requires no surgical manipulation of the wound. For a wound of uniform appearance, the standard deviation of a single swab culture from the mean log bacterial count for a series of cultures from widely spaced areas on the wound is +/- 0.85 logs; 95% confidence limits are +/- 1.7 logs from the mean. A Gram-stained smear from a wound swab requires less than 10 minutes to prepare. Visualization of bacteria on the smear indicates that 106 or more bacteria per swab are present. The value of the smear and swab techniques for predicting safe wound closure may be inferred from the published reports of others and the direct relationship between the swab and biopsy counts of viable bacteria for open wounds.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Eliane Patricia Lino Pereira-Franchi: Role: ND

Maria Rachel Nogueira Barreira: Role: ND

Natália de Sousa Lima Moreira da Costa: Role: ND

Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza: Role: ND

Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): rsbmt

Title: Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

Abbreviated Title: Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT (Uberaba, MG, Brazil )

ISSN (Print): 0037-8682

ISSN (Electronic): 1678-9849

Publication date (Print and electronic): December 2017

Volume: 50

Issue: 6

Pages: 833-838

Affiliations

[1] Botucatu SP orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu orgdiv2Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Brazil

[2] Botucatu São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu orgdiv2Departamento de Doenças Tropicais Brazil