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      Contributions to Ecuadorian butterworts (Lentibulariaceae, Pinguicula): two new species and a re-evaluation of Pinguiculacalyptrata

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          Abstract

          Comparatively few species of the insectivorous genus Pinguicula L. have been recognized in South America so far. In recent years, a number of narrowly endemic taxa from the Andes have been described that simultaneously refined the broad taxonomic concepts of the “historical” species. Here, we describe two striking new species from Southern Ecuador that further condense the circumscription of Pinguicula calyptrata Kunth. Pinguicula jimburensis sp. nov. and P. ombrophila sp. nov. are clearly beyond the taxonomic scope of the known species and consequently described as new to science. The deviating morphological features of the two new taxa are described and illustrated and the remaining morphological spectrum of P. calyptrata in Ecuador is outlined. The two new species add to the exceptional biodiversity in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone and underline its importance as a biodiversity hotspot in urgent need of protection.

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          Resumen

          Actualmente pocas especies del género insectívoro Pinguicula L. se reconocen de forma comparativa en América del Sur. En los últimos años, se han descrito varios taxones micro-endémicos de los Andes que simultáneamente han refinado los amplios conceptos taxonómicos de las especies “históricas”. Aquí, describimos dos nuevas especies sorprendentes del sur del Ecuador que condensan aún más la circunscripción de Pinguicula calyptrata Kunth. Pinguicula jimburensis sp. nov. and P. ombrophila sp. nov. están más allá del alcance taxonómico de las especies conocidas y, en consecuencia, descritas como nuevas para la ciencia. Se describen e ilustran los caracteres morfológicos divergentes de los dos nuevos taxones y se discute la variación morfológica restante de P. calyptrata en Ecuador. Las dos nuevas especies se suman a la excepcional biodiversidad de la zona Amotape-Huancabamba y se realza su importancia como un punto crítico de biodiversidad que necesita protección urgente.

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          Pollinator-driven ecological speciation in plants: new evidence and future perspectives.

          The hypothesis that pollinators have been important drivers of angiosperm diversity dates back to Darwin, and remains an important research topic today. Mounting evidence indicates that pollinators have the potential to drive diversification at several different stages of the evolutionary process. Microevolutionary studies have provided evidence for pollinator-mediated floral adaptation, while macroevolutionary evidence supports a general pattern of pollinator-driven diversification of angiosperms. However, the overarching issue of whether, and how, shifts in pollination system drive plant speciation represents a critical gap in knowledge. Bridging this gap is crucial to fully understand whether pollinator-driven microevolution accounts for the observed macroevolutionary patterns. Testable predictions about pollinator-driven speciation can be derived from the theory of ecological speciation, according to which adaptation (microevolution) and speciation (macroevolution) are directly linked. This theory is a particularly suitable framework for evaluating evidence for the processes underlying shifts in pollination systems and their potential consequences for the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation. This Viewpoint paper focuses on evidence for the four components of ecological speciation in the context of plant-pollinator interactions, namely (1) the role of pollinators as selective agents, (2) floral trait divergence, including the evolution of 'pollination ecotypes', (3) the geographical context of selection on floral traits, and (4) the role of pollinators in the evolution of reproductive isolation. This Viewpoint also serves as the introduction to a Special Issue on Pollinator-Driven Speciation in Plants. The 13 papers in this Special Issue range from microevolutionary studies of ecotypes to macroevolutionary studies of historical ecological shifts, and span a wide range of geographical areas and plant families. These studies further illustrate innovative experimental approaches, and they employ modern tools in genetics and floral trait quantification. Future advances to the field require better quantification of selection through male fitness and pollinator isolation, for instance by exploiting next-generation sequencing technologies. By combining these new tools with strategically chosen study systems, and smart experimental design, we predict that examples of pollinator-driven speciation will be among the most widespread and compelling of all cases of ecological speciation.
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            The Role of Animal Pollination in Plant Speciation: Integrating Ecology, Geography, and Genetics

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              Observations on the Biogeography of the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone in Northern Peru

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PhytoKeys
                PhytoKeys
                3
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F7FCE910-8E78-573F-9C77-7788555F8AAD
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:66878968-5FA3-48E4-A0CA-743FBBB0315D
                PhytoKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2011
                1314-2003
                2023
                24 March 2023
                : 222
                : 153-171
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador
                [2 ] Área de Investigación y Monitoreo de Avifauna, Aves y Conservación-BirdLife en Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador Área de Investigación y Monitoreo de Avifauna Quito Ecuador
                [3 ] Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Pasaje Rumipamba 341 y Av. de los Shyris, 170135, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Quito Ecuador
                [4 ] Department of Biology, College of Letters & Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, 4225 University Ave, Columbus, GA 31907, USA Columbus State University Columbus United States of America
                [5 ] Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Müncheberg Germany
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Tilo Henning ( henningtilo@ 123456web.de )

                Academic editor: E. Fischer

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-673X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-3264
                Article
                98139
                10.3897/phytokeys.222.98139
                10209607
                35c506e4-2d94-46cf-a35f-0a8147e09ca6
                Álvaro J. Pérez, Francisco Tobar, Kevin S. Burgess, Tilo Henning

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 November 2022
                : 27 February 2023
                Funding
                Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica del Ecuador Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la República del Ecuador International Palm Society (IPS) Endowment Fund European Research Council
                Categories
                Research Article
                Lentibulariaceae
                Biodiversity & Conservation
                Floristics & Distribution
                Taxonomy
                Americas
                Andes
                Ecuador
                Peru
                South America

                Plant science & Botany
                amotape-huancabamba,andes,cordillera del cóndor,distribution,ecuador,endemism,jimbura,morphological variation,new species,taxonomy

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