The reliability and validity of the Questionnaire - Children with Difficulties (QCD)

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Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Questionnaire-Children with Difficulties (QCD), which was developed for the evaluation of children’s daily life behaviors during specified periods of the day.

Methods

The subjects were 1,514 Japanese public elementary and junior high school students. For the examination of reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to assess the internal consistency of the questionnaire. With regard to validity, correlation coefficients were calculated to examine whether QCD scores correlated with those of the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) and the Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory (ODBI).

Results

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total score of the QCD was .876. The correlation coefficients of the QCD score with ADHD-RS and ODBI scores were -.514 and -.577, respectively.

Conclusions

The internal consistency and validity of the QCD were demonstrated. The QCD is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating daily life problems for children during different time periods of the day.

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Most cited references 12

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Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I.

R. Loeber, J. D. Burke, B Lahey … (2000)

To review empirical findings on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Selected summaries of the literature over the past decade are presented. Evidence supports a distinction between the symptoms of ODD and many symptoms of CD, but there is controversy about whether aggressive symptoms should be considered to be part of ODD or CD. CD is clearly heterogenous, but further research is needed regarding the most useful subtypes. Some progress has been made in documenting sex differences. Symptoms that are more serious, more atypical for the child's sex, or more age-atypical appear to be prognostic of serious dysfunction. Progress has been made in the methods for assessment of ODD and CD, but some critical issues, such as combined information from different informants, remains to be addressed. A proportion of children with ODD later develop CD, and a proportion of those with CD later meet criteria for antisocial personality disorder. ODD and CD frequently co-occur with other psychiatric conditions. Although major advances in the study of the prevalence and course of ODD and CD have occurred in the past decade, some key issues remain unanswered.

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The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review

Marina Danckaerts, Edmund Sonuga‐Barke, Tobias Banaschewski … (2009)

Quality of life (QoL) describes an individual’s subjective perception of their position in life as evidenced by their physical, psychological, and social functioning. QoL has become an increasingly important measure of outcome in child mental health clinical work and research. Here we provide a systematic review of QoL studies in children and young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and address three main questions. (1) What is the impact of ADHD on QoL? (2) What are the relationships between ADHD symptoms, functional impairment and the mediators and moderators of QoL in ADHD? (3) Does the treatment of ADHD impact on QoL? Databases were systematically searched to identify research studies describing QoL in ADHD. Thirty six relevant articles were identified. Robust negative effects on QoL are reported by the parents of children with ADHD across a broad range of psycho-social, achievement and self evaluation domains. Children with ADHD rate their own QoL less negatively than their parents and do not always seeing themselves as functioning less well than healthy controls. ADHD has a comparable overall impact on QoL compared to other mental health conditions and severe physical disorders. Increased symptom level and impairment predicts poorer QoL. The presence of comorbid conditions or psychosocial stressors helps explain these effects. There is emerging evidence that QoL improves with effective treatment. In conclusion, ADHD seriously compromises QoL especially when seen from a parents’ perspective. QoL outcomes should be included as a matter of course in future treatment studies.

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Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): a study of infant and school children in community samples.

Toyojiro Matsuishi, Miki Nagano, Yuko Araki … (2008)

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a short screening instrument which addresses the positive and negative behavioral attributes of infants, children and adolescents. The SDQ is widely used to evaluate child developmental disabilities, psychological and psychiatric conditions or disorders in Japan. However, we did not have normative data for the Japanese version until now. To establish the community-based data and properties for the Japanese version, we collected and evaluated parent ratings of a total of 2899 Japanese children aged 4-12 years, including 1463 boys and 1436 girls. Statistical evaluation of psychometric properties included a factor analysis verifying the proposed scale structure, an assessment of scale homogeneities, and the determination of age, gender and relationship of each difficulties scale, or prosocial scale. The total difficulties score in boys (8.70 +/- 5.03) was higher than in girls (7.86 +/- 4.88). Based on the distributions of SDQ scores observed in the Japanese community sample, recommended bandings identifying normal, borderline, and abnormal (clinical ranges) were defined for each scale, and some gender difference was found in some difficulties and prosocial SDQ scores. After evaluating parent ratings obtained in a community-based sample, the Japanese SDQ was shown to possess favorable psychometric properties. Thus, the Japanese translation of this popular and versatile instrument seems to be approximately as reliable and useful as the original English questionnaire.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

Title: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1753-2000

Publication date Collection: 2013

Publication date (Electronic): 27 March 2013

Volume: 7

Page: 11

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan

[2 ]Department of Neuropsychiatry, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan

[3 ]Shibuya Moriya Clinic, Shibuya-Ku, Japan

[4 ]National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan

[5 ]Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

[6 ]Developmental Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan

Article

Publisher ID: 1753-2000-7-11

DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-11

PMC ID: 3616960

PubMed ID: 23537143

SO-VID: 37a1e144-ecaa-44cd-979d-4ac48a759d65

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The reliability and validity of the Questionnaire - Children with Difficulties (QCD)

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Chinese Journal of School Health

Most cited references 12

Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I.

The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review

Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): a study of infant and school children in community samples.

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