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      Manejo anestésico de masas mediastinales en pediatría Translated title: Anesthetic management of mediastinal masses in pediatrics Translated title: Manejo anestésico de massas mediatinais em pediatria

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Las masas mediastinales son poco frecuentes, las mismas están constituidas por un grupo heterogéneo de tumores representan el 3 % de la cirugía torácica en niños (Benignos 75% y malignos 25%), a su vez pueden encontrarse en el mediastino anterior medio o posterior.1 Los síntomas, dependen de su ubicación más que del tamaño o la estirpe tumoral. Los tumores de mediastino anterior, son un desafío para el anestesiólogo por su relación con las estructuras anatómicas con riesgo de colapso del sistema cardiorespiratorio. El objetivo de esta publicación, es presentar un caso clínico de una niña con una masa mediastinal anterior y exponer el manejo anestesiológico del perioperatorio. Se enfatizarán, los conceptos más relevantes en lo referente a: presentación de cuadro clínico, exámenes de diagnósticos e implicancias anestésicas, así como el tratamiento preoperatorio, manejo anestésico del intraoperatorio y sus posibles complicaciones.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Mediastinal masses are infrequent; they consist of a heterogeneous group of tumors that represent 3% of all thoracic surgeries performed in children (benign 75%, malignant 25%). They can be found in the mediastinum anterior middle or posterior, and the symptoms seem to depend on their location, rather than the size or tumor strain. Anterior mediastinal tumors are a challenge for anesthesiologists, because of their relationship with anatomical structures and the risk of collapse of the cardiorespiratory system. The objective of this article is to present a clinical case of a girl with an anterior mediastinal mass and to expose the anesthesiological management of the perioperative process. An emphasis is placed on the most relevant concepts regarding: clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and anesthetic implications, and on preoperative treatment, intraoperative anesthetic management, and possible complications.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: As massas mediastinais são pouco frequentes, as mesmas consistem em um grupo heterogêneo de tumores que representam 3% da cirurgia torácica em crianças (75% benignos e 25% malignos), podem ser encontrados no mediastino anterior, médio ou posterior. 1 Os sintomas dependem mais da sua localização; que do tamanho ou estirpe tumoral. Os tumores mediastinais anteriores são um desafio para o anestesiologista, devido à sua relação com estruturas anatômicas com risco de colapso do sistema cardiorrespiratório. O objetivo desta publicação é apresentar um caso clínico de uma menina com massa mediastinal anterior e expor a manipulação anestésica do período pré-operatório. Será dada ênfase aos conceitos mais relevantes sobre: a apresentação do quadro clínico, testes diagnósticos e implicações anestésicas, assim como tratamento pré-operatório, manipulação anestésica intra-operatório e suas possíveis complicações.

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          Perioperative anaesthetic management of mediastinal mass in adults.

          Mediastinal mass syndrome remains an anaesthetic challenge that cannot be underestimated. Depending on the localization and the size of the mediastinal tumour, the clinical presentation is variable ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to severe cardiorespiratory problems. The administration of general anaesthesia can be associated with acute intraoperative or postoperative cardiorespiratory decompensation that may result in death due to tumour-related compression syndromes. The role of the anaesthesiologist, as a part of the interdisciplinary treatment team, is to ensure a safe perioperative period. However, there is still no structured protocol available for perioperative anaesthesiological procedure. The aim of this article is to summarize the genesis of and the diagnostic options for mediastinal mass syndrome and to provide a solid detailed methodology for its safe perioperative management based on a review of the latest literature and our own clinical experiences. Proper anaesthetic management of patients with mediastinal mass syndrome begins with an assessment of the preoperative status, directed foremost at establishing the localization of the tumour and on the basis of the clinical and radiological findings, discerning whether any vital mediastinal structures are affected. We have found it helpful to assign 'severity grade' (using a three-grade clinical classification scale: 'safe', 'uncertain', 'unsafe'), whereby each stage triggers appropriate action in terms of staffing and apparatus, such as the provision of alternatives for airway management, cardiopulmonary bypass and additional specialists. During the preoperative period, we are guided by a 12-point plan that also takes into account the special features of transportation into the operating theatre and patient monitoring. Tumour compression on the airways or the great vessels may create a critical respiratory and/or haemodynamic situation, and therefore the standard of intraoperative management includes induction of anaesthesia in the operating theatre on an adjustable surgical table, the use of short-acting anaesthetics, avoidance of muscle relaxants and maintenance of spontaneous respiration. In the case of severe clinical symptoms and large mediastinal tumours, we consider it absolutely essential to cannulate the femoral vessels preoperatively under local anaesthesia and to provide for the availability of cardiopulmonary bypass in the operating theatre, should extracorporeal circulation become necessary. The benefits of establishing vascular access under local anaesthesia clearly outweigh any associated degree of patient discomfort. In the case of patients classified as 'safe' or 'uncertain', a preoperative consensus with the surgeons should be reached as to the anaesthetic approach and the management of possible complications.
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            Management of the patient with a large anterior mediastinal mass: recurring myths.

            This editorial review summarizes the current anesthetic management of patients with anterior mediastinal masses. With increased appreciation of the correct intraoperative management of these cases severe intraoperative respiratory or cardiovascular collapse is less likely to occur during general anesthesia. Maintenance of spontaneous ventilation is the anesthetic goal whenever possible. Major life-threatening complications now occur more frequently postoperatively. General anesthesia is not safe in patients with severe positional symptoms from an anterior mediastinal mass. With modern imaging techniques, general anesthesia is rarely needed for diagnostic procedures in these patients. Preoperative flow-volume loops are not useful in the management of these patients and the concept of cardiopulmonary bypass on 'standby' is not appropriate during induction of anesthesia.
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              The anesthetic management of the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aar
                Anestesia Analgesia Reanimación
                Anest Analg Reanim
                Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0255-8122
                1688-1273
                June 2017
                : 30
                : 1
                : 28-41
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameAdministración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado (ASSE) orgdiv1Centro hospitalario Pereira Rossel Uruguay mschioppi@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1688-12732017000100028
                380f6928-317a-4020-b490-d29359d47d83

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 November 2016
                : 25 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 11, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay


                Pediatria,Anestesia,Cirurgia,Tumores del mediastino anterior,Pediatría,Cirugía,Tumors anterior mediastinal,Pediatrics,Anesthesia,Surgery,Tumores do mediastino anterior

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