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      Intramuscular injection safety without aspiration in the ventro-gluteal region during vaccination: randomized clinical trial Translated title: Seguridad de la inyección intramuscular sin aspiración en la región ventroglútea durante la vacunación: ensayo clínico aleatorizado Translated title: Segurança da injeção intramuscular sem aspiração na região ventro-glútea durante a vacinação: ensaio clínico randomizado

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objectives: to compare adverse events after administrating hepatitis A vaccine intramuscularly in the ventro-gluteal region between techniques with and without aspiration. Methods: randomized double-blind clinical trial, using hepatitis A vaccine (inactivated) in the ventro-gluteal region, with a sample of 74 participants in the intervention group, vaccinated with the slow injection technique without aspiration, and 74 participants in the control group undergoing slow injection with aspiration. Daily assessment of participants was carried out in the 72 hours after vaccination, in order to ascertain local, systemic adverse events, local and contralateral temperatures. Results: the occurrence of local and systemic adverse events was homogeneous between the groups in the three days after vaccination (p>0.05). There was no influence of sex, race, pre-existing disease and use of medication. Conclusions: the intramuscular vaccination technique without aspiration in the ventro-gluteal region is safe for adverse events following immunization compared to the conventional technique with aspiration.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivos: comparar eventos adversos después de la administración de la vacuna contra la hepatitis A por vía intramuscular en la región ventroglútea entre técnicas con y sin aspiración. Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado doble ciego utilizando la vacuna Hepatitis A (inactivada) en la región ventroglútea, con una muestra de 74 participantes en el grupo de intervención, vacunados con la técnica de inyección lenta sin aspiración, y 74 participantes del grupo control sometidos a inyección con aspiración. La evaluación diaria de los participantes se llevó a cabo en las 72 horas posteriores a la vacunación, con el fin de conocer los eventos adversos locales, sistémicos, las temperaturas locales y contralaterales. Resultados: la ocurrencia de eventos adversos locales y sistémicos fue homogénea entre los grupos en los tres días posteriores a la vacunación (p>0.05). No hubo influencia de las variables sexo, raza, enfermedad preexistente y uso de medicación. Conclusión: la técnica de vacunación intramuscular sin aspiración en la región ventroglútea es segura para eventos adversos después de la vacunación en comparación con la técnica convencional con aspiración.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivos: comparar os eventos adversos após a administração da vacina hepatite A via intramuscular na região ventro-glútea entre as técnicas com e sem aspiração. Métodos: ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego, utilizando a vacina hepatite A (inativada) na região ventro-glútea, com amostra de 74 participantes no grupo intervenção, vacinados com a técnica de injeção lenta sem aspiração, e 74 participantes no grupo controle submetidos à injeção lenta com aspiração. Foi realizada avaliação diária dos participantes nas 72 horas pós-vacinação, com intuito de averiguar eventos adversos locais, sistêmicos, temperaturas locais e contralaterais. Resultados: a ocorrência de eventos adversos locais e sistêmicos foi homogênea entre os grupos nos três dias pós-vacinação (p>0,05). Não houve influência das variáveis sexo, raça, doença pré-existente e uso de medicamento. Conclusões: a técnica de vacinação intramuscular sem aspiração na região ventro-glútea é segura quanto aos eventos adversos pós-vacinação em comparação à técnica convencional com aspiração.

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          Advances in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research and its mechanism.

          In the past few decades, hundreds of materials have been tried as adjuvant; however, only aluminum-based adjuvants continue to be used widely in the world. Aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and alum constitute the main forms of aluminum used as adjuvants. Among these, aluminum hydroxide is the most commonly used chemical as adjuvant. In spite of its wide spread use, surprisingly, the mechanism of how aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants exert their beneficial effects is still not fully understood. Current explanations for the mode of action of aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants include, among others, the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway. These collectively galvanize innate as well as acquired immune responses and activate the complement system. Factors that have a profound influence on responses evoked by aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant applications include adsorption rate, strength of the adsorption, size and uniformity of aluminum hydroxide particles, dosage of adjuvant, and the nature of antigens. Although vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants are beneficial, sometimes they cause adverse reactions. Further, these vaccines cannot be stored frozen. Until recently, aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants were known to preferentially prime Th2-type immune responses. However, results of more recent studies show that depending on the vaccination route, aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants can enhance both Th1 as well as Th2 cellular responses. Advances in systems biology have opened up new avenues for studying mechanisms of aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants. These will assist in scaling new frontiers in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research that include improvement of formulations, use of nanoparticles of aluminum hydroxide and development of composite adjuvants.
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            Vaccine confidence and hesitancy in Brazil

            Despite the overall benefits of immunization, vaccine hesitancy has been a growing trend and has been associated with the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. The aim of this study was to assess vaccine confidence and hesitancy in Brazil, as part of a wider project to map vaccine confidence globally. One thousand subjects were interviewed, either online or face-to-face, based on a general questionnaire regarding perceptions on vaccines and vaccination. Further exploratory questions were used with the subset of respondents who were parents of children aged under 5. Such questions extracted information regarding vaccination behavior, opinions on vaccination and government health services, and vaccine hesitancy. Reasons for hesitancy were classified as relating to confidence, convenience and/or complacency, and the population was also analyzed socio-demographically. The results showed that overall confidence in immunization was higher than confidence in family planning services, community health workers and emergency services. Seventy-six people reported hesitancy to vaccinate. The commonest reasons for hesitancy were issues with confidence (41.4%), efficacy/safety of the vaccine (25.5%) and concerns about adverse events (23.6%). The sociodemographic analysis revealed that vaccine hesitancy was associated with marital status, level of education and income. Despite overall vaccine confidence being high, a clear trend toward lower levels of confidence was associated with higher levels of hesitancy, which warrants on-going monitoring, due to the dynamic and changing nature of vaccine hesitancy.
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              Safety and immunogenicity of a pentavalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine containing serogroups A, C, Y, W, and X in healthy adults: a phase 1, single-centre, double-blind, randomised, controlled study

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                reben
                Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem
                Rev. Bras. Enferm.
                Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0034-7167
                1984-0446
                2022
                : 75
                : 1
                : e20201119
                Affiliations
                [1] Maceió orgnameUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Brazil
                Article
                S0034-71672022000100152 S0034-7167(22)07500100152
                10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1119
                3842dc29-f43d-44fe-b746-6b19e4113fd2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2020
                : 29 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article

                Vacinação,Evidence-Based Nursing,Inyecciones Intramusculares,Vacunación,Reacción en el Punto de Inyección,Ensayo Clínico Controlado Aleatorio,Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia,Injeções Intramusculares,Efeito Adverso no Local de Injeção,Ensaio Clínico Controlado Randomizado,Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências,Injections, Intramuscular,Vaccination,Injection Site Reaction,Randomized Controlled Trial

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