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      Revisão sobre o uso de gabapentina para controle da dor pós-operatória Translated title: Review of the use of gabapentin in the control of postoperative pain Translated title: Revisión sobre el uso de gabapentina para el control del dolor postoperatorio

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A gabapentina tem sido utilizada como adjuvante no tratamento da dor pós-operatória com componente neuropático. É responsável pela inibição da sensibilização central, diminuindo a dor pós-operatória. CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionados todos os estudos clínicos com distribuição aleatória que avaliaram o efeito da gabapentina na dor pós-operatória em humanos entre 2002 e 2007. Foram encontrados 26 artigos publicados. Em 17 estudos os pacientes receberam dose única pré-operatória que variou de 300 a 1.200 mg entre 30 min e duas horas antes dos procedimentos. Nos demais estudos a medicação foi iniciada entre uma e 24 horas antes dos procedimentos, foi continuada por dois a dez dias na dose de 1.200 a 1.800 mg.dia-1. Para medida de intensidade da dor foram utilizadas a Escala Analógica Visual ou Numérica. Em 75% dos que receberam somente dose pré os escores foram menores com uso de gabapentina e também em 55,6% dos que receberam dose pré e pós. O consumo de opióide foi menor em 82,4% dos que receberam dose pré e em 77,8% dos que receberam pré e pós. Em estudos que usaram pré, quatro não descreveram efeitos adversos; não houve diferença em 52,9%, mais náusea ou vômito em 11,8%, mais tontura em 5,9%, mais sedação em 5,9%, menos náusea ou vômito em um e menos retenção urinária em um. Em estudos que usaram pré e pós, quatro não descreveram efeitos adversos; não houve diferença em 22,2%, mais náusea ou vômito em 11,1%, mais tontura em 22,2% e mais sedação em 11,1%. CONCLUSÕES: A gabapentina usada tanto antes como antes e após a operação promove diminuição da intensidade da dor e da necessidade de complementação analgésica.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gabapentin has been used as adjuvant in the treatment of postoperative pain with a neuropathic component. It is responsible for the inhibition of central sensitization, decreasing postoperative pain. CONTENTS: All clinical, randomized studies that evaluated the effects of gabapentin on postoperative pain in humans between 2002 and 2007 for a total of 26 studies were selected. In 17 studies, patients received a single preoperative dose, which ranged from 300 to 1,200 mg, 30 minutes to two hours before surgery. In the remaining studies, the administration of the drug was initiated one to 24 hours before the procedure and continued for 10 days, in doses that ranged from 1,200 to 1,800 mg.day-1. To measure pain severity, the Visual Analog or Numeric Rating Scale was used. In 75% of patients who received a single dose of gabapentin, scores were lower, and the same was seen in 55.6¨% of patients who received the drugs pre- and postoperatively. Opioid consumption was reduced in 82.4% of patients who received a single dose, and in 77.8% of patients who received pre- and postoperative gabapentin. Among the studies using a single dose of gabapentin, four did not describe adverse effects; 52.9% showed no differences, 11.8% detected more nausea or vomiting, 5.9% experienced more dizziness, 5.9% more sedation, less nausea or vomiting in one, and less urinary retention in one. Among the studies with pre- and postoperative administration of gabapentin, four did not describe adverse effects; 22.2% showed no differences, 11.1% had more nausea or vomiting, 22.2% more dizziness, and 11.1% more sedation. CONCLUSIONS: Gabapentin, used before as well as before and after surgery, decreased pain severity and the need of analgesic supplementation.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La gabapentina ha sido utilizada como adyuvante en el tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio con componente neuropático. Es responsable de la inhibición de la sensibilización central, disminuyendo el dolor postoperatorio. CONTENIDO: Fueron seleccionados todos los estudios clínicos con distribución aleatoria que evaluaron el efecto de la gabapentina en el dolor postoperatorio en humanos entre 2002 y 2007. Se encontraron 26 artículos publicados. En 17 estudios, los pacientes recibieron dosis única preoperatoria que varió entre 300 y 1200mg y entre 30min y dos horas antes de los procedimientos. En los demás estudios, la medicación fue iniciada entre una y 24 horas antes de los procedimientos, y continuada por dos a 10 días en la dosis de 1.200 a 1.800 mg.día-1. Para una medida de intensidad del dolor, fueron utilizadas la Escala Analógica Visual o Numérica. En un 75% entre los que recibieron solamente la dosis pre, los puntajes fueron menores con el uso de la gabapentina y también en un 55,6% entre los que recibieron dosis pre y pos. El consumo de opioide fue menor en un 82,4% de los que recibieron dosis pre y en un 77,8% en los que recibieron pre y pos. En estudios que usaron pre, cuatro no arrojaron efectos adversos; no hubo diferencia en un 52,9%, más náusea o vómito en un 11,8%, más mareos en un 5,9%, más sedación en un 5,9%, menos náusea o vómito en uno y menos retención urinaria en uno. En estudios que usaron pre y pos, cuatro no arrojaron efectos adversos; no hubo diferencia en un 22,2%, más náusea o vómito en 11,1%, más mareo en 22,2% y más sedación en un 11,1%. CONCLUSIONES: La gabapentina usada tanto antes, como antes y después de la operación, promueve la reducción de la intensidad del dolor y de la necesidad de complementación analgésica.

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          Most cited references40

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          Can we conquer pain?

          Pain can be an adaptive sensation, an early warning to protect the body from tissue injury. By the introduction of hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli, pain may also aid in repair after tissue damage. Pain can also be maladaptive, reflecting pathological function of the nervous system. Multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms operate alone and in combination within the peripheral and central nervous systems to produce the different forms of pain. Elucidation of these mechanisms is key to the development of treatments that specifically target underlying causes rather than just symptoms. This new approach promises to revolutionize pain diagnosis and management.
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            A randomized study of the effects of single-dose gabapentin versus placebo on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after mastectomy.

            The anticonvulsant gabapentin has proven effective for neuropathic pain in three large placebo-controlled clinical trials. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated antihyperalgesic effects in models involving central neuronal sensitization. It has been suggested that central neuronal sensitization may play an important role in postoperative pain. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of gabapentin on morphine consumption and postoperative pain in patients undergoing radical mastectomy. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 70 patients received a single dose of oral gabapentin (1,200 mg) or placebo 1 h before surgery. Patients received patient-controlled analgesia with morphine at doses of 2.5 mg with a lock-out time of 10 min for 4 h postoperatively. Pain was assessed on a visual analog scale at rest and during movement, and side effects were assessed on a four-point verbal scale 2 and 4 h postoperatively. Thirty-one patients in the gabapentin group and 34 patients in the placebo group completed the study. Gabapentin reduced total morphine consumption from a median of 29 (interquartile range, 21-33) to 15 (10-19) mg (P< 0.0001). Pain during movement was reduced from 41 (31-59) to 22 (10-38) mm at 2 h postoperatively (P < 0.0001) and from 31 (12-40) to 9 (3-34) mm at 4 h postoperatively (P = 0.018). No significant differences between groups were observed with regard to pain at rest or side effects. A single dose of 1,200 mg oral gabapentin resulted in a substantial reduction in postoperative morphine consumption and movement-related pain after radical mastectomy, without significant side effects. These promising results should be validated in other acute pain models involving central neuronal sensitization.
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              Preemptive use of gabapentin significantly decreases postoperative pain and rescue analgesic requirements in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

              To evaluate the comparative preemptive effects of gabapentin and tramadol on postoperative pain and fentanyl requirement in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Four hundred fifty-nine ASA I and II patients were randomly assigned to receive 300 mg gabapentin, 100 mg tramadol or placebo in a double-blind manner two hours before laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients' pain scores were recorded on a visual analogue scale every two hours for the initial 12 hr and thereafter every three hours for the next 12 hr. Patients received fentanyl 2 micro g*kg(-1) intravenously on demand. The total fentanyl consumption for each patient was recorded. Patients in the gabapentin group had significantly lower pain scores at all time intervals (2.65 +/- 3.00, 1.99 +/- 1.48, 1.40 +/- 0.95, 0.65 +/- 0.61) in comparison to tramadol (2.97 +/- 2.35, 2.37 +/- 1.45, 1.89 +/- 1.16, 0.87 +/- 0.50) and placebo (5.53 +/- 2.22, 3.33 +/- 1.37, 2.41 +/- 1.19, 1.19 +/- 0.56). Significantly less fentanyl was consumed in the gabapentin group (221.16 +/- 52.39 micro g) than in the tramadol (269.60 +/- 44.17 micro g) and placebo groups (355.86 +/- 42.04 micro g; P < 0.05). Sedation (33.98%), nausea/retching/vomiting (24.8%) were the commonest side effects in the gabapentin group whereas respiratory depression (3.9%) was the commonest in the tramadol group and vertigo (7.8%) in the placebo group. Preemptive use of gabapentin significantly decreases postoperative pain and rescue analgesic requirement in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                0034-7094
                1806-907X
                February 2009
                : 59
                : 1
                : 87-98
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUNIFESP orgdiv1Setor de Dor
                [01] orgnameUNIFESP
                Article
                S0034-70942009000100012 S0034-7094(09)05900112
                385b7ae3-416e-4b18-8029-4fd2a47b1f27

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 October 2008
                : 16 June 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigo de Revisão

                DRUGS,PAIN,Dor,DROGAS
                DRUGS, PAIN, Dor, DROGAS

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