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      An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Emerging Microbes & Infections
      Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK

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          Abstract

          Clostridium perfringens, a rapid-growing pathogen known to secrete an arsenal of >20 virulent toxins, has been associated with intestinal diseases in both animals and humans throughout the past century. Recent advances in genomic analysis and experimental systems make it timely to re-visit this clinically and veterinary important pathogen. This Review will summarise our understanding of the genomics and virulence-linked factors, including antimicrobial potentials and secreted toxins of this gut pathogen, and then its up-to-date clinical epidemiology and biological role in the pathogenesis of several important human and animal-associated intestinal diseases, including pre-term necrotising enterocolitis. Finally, we highlight some of the important unresolved questions in relation to C. perfringens-mediated infections, and implications for future research directions.

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          Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores.

          Joseph Sorg, Abraham Sonenshein (2008)
          Spore formation by Clostridium difficile is a significant obstacle to overcoming hospital-acquired C. difficile-associated disease. Spores are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics, making a contaminated environment difficult to clean. To cause disease, however, spores must germinate and grow out as vegetative cells. The germination of C. difficile spores has not been examined in detail. In an effort to understand the germination of C. difficile spores, we characterized the response of C. difficile spores to bile. We found that cholate derivatives and the amino acid glycine act as cogerminants. Deoxycholate, a metabolite of cholate produced by the normal intestinal flora, also induced germination of C. difficile spores but prevented the growth of vegetative C. difficile. A model of resistance to C. difficile colonization mediated by the normal bacterial flora is proposed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 245 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Clostridium difficile colitis: pathogenesis and host defence.

            Michael C. Abt, Peter McKenney, Eric G. Pamer (2016)
            Clostridium difficile is a major cause of intestinal infection and diarrhoea in individuals following antibiotic treatment. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that induce spore formation and germination and have determined the roles of C. difficile toxins in disease pathogenesis. Exciting progress has also been made in defining the role of the microbiome, specific commensal bacterial species and host immunity in defence against infection with C. difficile. This Review will summarize the recent discoveries and developments in our understanding of C. difficile infection and pathogenesis.
            Article 0 comments Cited 208 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Skewed genomic variability in strains of the toxigenic bacterial pathogen, Clostridium perfringens.

              Garry S A Myers, David Rasko, Jackie K. Cheung … (2006)
              Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming bacterium commonly found in soil, sediments, and the human gastrointestinal tract. C. perfringens is responsible for a wide spectrum of disease, including food poisoning, gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), enteritis necroticans, and non-foodborne gastrointestinal infections. The complete genome sequences of Clostridium perfringens strain ATCC 13124, a gas gangrene isolate and the species type strain, and the enterotoxin-producing food poisoning strain SM101, were determined and compared with the published C. perfringens strain 13 genome. Comparison of the three genomes revealed considerable genomic diversity with >300 unique "genomic islands" identified, with the majority of these islands unusually clustered on one replichore. PCR-based analysis indicated that the large genomic islands are widely variable across a large collection of C. perfringens strains. These islands encode genes that correlate to differences in virulence and phenotypic characteristics of these strains. Significant differences between the strains include numerous novel mobile elements and genes encoding metabolic capabilities, strain-specific extracellular polysaccharide capsule, sporulation factors, toxins, and other secreted enzymes, providing substantial insight into this medically important bacterial pathogen.
              Article 0 comments Cited 85 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lindsay J. Hall:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-5709
                Lindsay.Hall@quadram.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Microbes Infect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerg Microbes Infect
                Title: Emerging Microbes & Infections
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2222-1751
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 August 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 141
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1092 7967, GRID grid.8273.e, Norwich Medical School, , University of East Anglia, ; Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4483-1215
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-5709
                Article
                Publisher ID: 144
                DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0144-8
                PMC ID: 6079034
                PubMed ID: 30082713
                SO-VID: 386f0d5f-dc11-401b-a5cf-aafa1f2243f7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 2 March 2018
                Date revision received : 28 June 2018
                Date accepted : 2 July 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100004440, Wellcome Trust;
                Award ID: 100974/C/13/Z
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000268, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC);
                Award ID: BB/J004529/1
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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