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      The Reliability of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised in Brazilian multiple sclerosis patients Translated title: A Confiabilidade do Teste Breve de Memória Visoespacial - Revisado (BVMT-R) em Pacientes Brasileiros Portadores de Esclerose Múltipla

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          Abstract

          Cognitive Impairment (CI) is a common and distressing problem in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Its identification is complicated and sometimes omitted in the routine evaluation by neurologists. The BICAMS (Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis) is a promising tool to overcome this difficulty. However, there is some concern regarding the subjectivity in scoring of the BVMT-R (Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised), one of its components.

          Objective:

          To evaluate the reliability of the BVMT-R in a sample of Brazilian MS patients, with the measure being administered and scored by neurologists.

          Methods:

          BICAMS was applied to seventy subjects comprising forty patients diagnosed with MS and thirty healthy controls. In the MS patients group, the coefficients of agreement between three different raters, using the same protocols, and the internal consistency of the BVMT-R were assessed. Also, the coefficients of correlation of the BVMT-R with the other tests of the BICAMS, CVLT II (California Verbal Learning Test II) and SDMT (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), and their respective effect sizes were calculated.

          Results:

          the BVMT-R presented a moderate inter-rater coefficient of agreement (k=0.62), an excellent Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC=0.85), and high internal consistency (α=0.92). The correlation between the BVMT-R and CVLT II was moderate (ρ=0.36; p<0.025), but strong with the SDMT (ρ=0.60; p<0.01), with a large effect size.

          Conclusion:

          The BVMT-R is a reliable instrument for assessing CI in patients with MS, having a significant association with information processing speed, an aspect which should be considered when evaluating its score.

          Resumo

          O declínio cognitivo (DC) é um problema comum na esclerose múltipla (EM), mas sua identificação é complexa, por vezes sendo omitida na avaliação de rotina pelos neurologistas. O BICAMS é uma bateria breve de testes neuropsicológicos que visa superar tais dificuldades. No entanto, uma possível subjetividade no sistema de pontuação do BVMT-R, um dos seus componentes, é um ponto frágil desta ferramenta.

          Objetivo:

          Avaliar a confiabilidade do BVMT-R em pacientes portadores de EM, aplicado e aferido por neurologistas.

          Métodos:

          Os testes do BICAMS foram administrados a setenta indivíduos, quarenta pacientes portadores de EM e trinta controles saudáveis. No grupo de pacientes com EM foram calculados os coeficientes de concordância dos resultados entre três diferentes avaliadores e a consistência interna do BVMT-R. Também foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação do BVMT-R com os demais testes componentes do BICAMS e seus respectivos tamanhos de efeito.

          Resultados:

          O BVMT-R apresentou um coeficiente de concordância entre examinadores moderado (k=0,62), um excelente Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC=0,85) e uma alta consistência interna (α=0,92). A correlação entre o BVMT-R foi moderada (CVLT II: ρ=0,36; p<0,025) ou forte (SDMT: ρ=0,60; p<0,01), com grande tamanho de efeito.

          Conclusão:

          O BVMT-R é um instrumento confiável para avaliar o DC na EM, apresentando uma associação significativa com a velocidade de processamento da informação, o que deve ser considerado na interpretação de seus resultados.

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          Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS)

          Background: Cognitive impairment in MS impacts negatively on many patients at all disease stages and in all subtypes. Full clinical cognitive assessment is expensive, requiring expert staff and special equipment. Test versions and normative data are not available for all languages and cultures. Objective: To recommend a brief cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (MS) that is optimized for small centers, with one or few staff members, who may not have neuropsychological training and constructed to maximize international use. Methods: An expert committee of twelve members representing the main cultural groups that have so far contributed considerable data about MS cognitive dysfunction was convened. Following exhaustive literature review, peer-reviewed articles were selected to cover a broad spectrum of cultures and scales that targeted cognitive domains vulnerable to MS. Each was rated by two committee members and candidates scales were rated on psychometric qualities (reliability, validity, and sensitivity), international application, ease of administration, feasibility in the specified context, and acceptability to patients. Results: The committee recommended the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, if only 5 minutes was available, with the addition of the California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised learning trials if a further 10 minutes could be allocated for testing. Conclusions: A brief cognitive assessment for MS has been recommended. A validation protocol has been prepared for language groups and validation studies have commenced.
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            Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS): international standards for validation

            An international expert consensus committee recently recommended a brief battery of tests for cognitive evaluation in multiple sclerosis. The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) battery includes tests of mental processing speed and memory. Recognizing that resources for validation will vary internationally, the committee identified validation priorities, to facilitate international acceptance of BICAMS. Practical matters pertaining to implementation across different languages and countries were discussed. Five steps to achieve optimal psychometric validation were proposed. In Step 1, test stimuli should be standardized for the target culture or language under consideration. In Step 2, examiner instructions must be standardized and translated, including all information from manuals necessary for administration and interpretation. In Step 3, samples of at least 65 healthy persons should be studied for normalization, matched to patients on demographics such as age, gender and education. The objective of Step 4 is test-retest reliability, which can be investigated in a small sample of MS and/or healthy volunteers over 1–3 weeks. Finally, in Step 5, criterion validity should be established by comparing MS and healthy controls. At this time, preliminary studies are underway in a number of countries as we move forward with this international assessment tool for cognition in MS.
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              What sample sizes for reliability and validity studies in neurology?

              Rating scales are increasingly used in neurologic research and trials. A key question relating to their use across the range of neurologic diseases, both common and rare, is what sample sizes provide meaningful estimates of reliability and validity. Here, we address two questions: (1) to what extent does sample size influence the stability of reliability and validity estimates; and (2) to what extent does sample size influence the inferences made from reliability and validity testing? We examined data from two studies. In Study 1, we retrospectively reduced the total sample randomly and nonrandomly by decrements of approximately 50 % to generate sub-samples from n = 713-20. In Study 2, we prospectively generated sub-samples from n = 20-320, by entry time into study. In all samples we estimated reliability (internal consistency, item total correlations, test-retest) and validity (within scale correlations, convergent and discriminant construct validity). Reliability estimates were stable in magnitude and interpretation in all sub-samples of both studies. Validity estimates were stable in samples of n ≥ 80, for 75 % of scales in samples of n = 40, and for 50 % of scales in samples of n = 20. In this study, sample sizes of a minimum of 20 for reliability and 80 for validity provided estimates highly representative of the main study samples. These findings should be considered provisional and more work is needed to determine if these estimates are generalisable, consistent, and useful.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dement Neuropsychol
                Dement Neuropsychol
                dn
                Dementia & Neuropsychologia
                Associação de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento
                1980-5764
                Apr-Jun 2018
                Apr-Jun 2018
                : 12
                : 2
                : 205-211
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Marco A. G. de Caneda. Neurology Department - Moinhos de Vento Hospital - Rua Ramiro Barcelos 910 - 90035-001 Porto Alegre RS - Brazil. E-mail: mcaneda@ 123456terra.com.br

                Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

                Author contributions. Marco Aurélio G. de Caneda: conception, data collection, methodology, statistical analysis, discussion of results and text production. Dayssi Liliana Mora Cuervo: data collection. Nathércia Estevam Marinho: data collection. Maria Cecília A. de Vecino: orientation and revision of production of text, revision of final version in english.

                Article
                10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-020014
                6022983
                29988357
                38e95f52-fa40-493a-9d9f-d263b2c5eb7a

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 April 2018
                : 08 May 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                bvmt-r,bicams,cognitive impairment,multiple sclerosis,reliability,validity,esclerose múltipla,cognição,validade,confiabilidade

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