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      Applications, features and key indicators for the development of Covid-19 dashboards: A systematic review study

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Interactive dashboards can collect data from various information sources and be used nationally and internationally. These information systems have played an important role in managing and controlling epidemic diseases, especially Covid-19. This study aimed to identify the applications, features, and key indicators of advanced dashboards in Covid-19.

          Method

          The present article is a systematic review study that searched the PubMed, Scopus, and ISI web of sciences databases in 2021 by combining the relevant keywords. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and selecting articles, data collection was prepared using a data collection form. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis method.

          Results

          Out of 171 articles retrieved, 19 were included in the study for review by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria in the first stage. The most important data sources for the studied dashboards included general online, national, and hospital databases. Monitoring and tracking in the target community and resource management (hospital and public) are the most important issues in Covid-19 dashboards. The study showed that KPIs in 5 main categories of indicators related to hospital beds, clinical data in the hospital, diagnostic and therapeutic measures of hospitals, epidemiological data at the level community, and follow-up indicators of Covid-19 studies were worldwide.

          Conclusion

          Considering the technological advances at the world level and the large amount of data produced, one of the effective solutions for managing and controlling epidemic and pandemic conditions and diseases is the rapid development of interactive dashboards; Therefore, it is suggested that health officials and policymakers, in addition to developing and updating the existing dashboards in the field of Covid-19, developing the dashboard immediately in case of similar conditions.

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          Most cited references38

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          The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

          Matthew J L Page, Joanne E McKenzie, Patrick Bossuyt … (2024)
          The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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            An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time

            Ensheng Dong, Hongru Du, Lauren Gardner (2020)
            In December, 2019, a local outbreak of pneumonia of initially unknown cause was detected in Wuhan (Hubei, China), and was quickly determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, 1 namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak has since spread to every province of mainland China as well as 27 other countries and regions, with more than 70 000 confirmed cases as of Feb 17, 2020. 2 In response to this ongoing public health emergency, we developed an online interactive dashboard, hosted by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, to visualise and track reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in real time. The dashboard, first shared publicly on Jan 22, illustrates the location and number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries for all affected countries. It was developed to provide researchers, public health authorities, and the general public with a user-friendly tool to track the outbreak as it unfolds. All data collected and displayed are made freely available, initially through Google Sheets and now through a GitHub repository, along with the feature layers of the dashboard, which are now included in the Esri Living Atlas. The dashboard reports cases at the province level in China; at the city level in the USA, Australia, and Canada; and at the country level otherwise. During Jan 22–31, all data collection and processing were done manually, and updates were typically done twice a day, morning and night (US Eastern Time). As the outbreak evolved, the manual reporting process became unsustainable; therefore, on Feb 1, we adopted a semi-automated living data stream strategy. Our primary data source is DXY, an online platform run by members of the Chinese medical community, which aggregates local media and government reports to provide cumulative totals of COVID-19 cases in near real time at the province level in China and at the country level otherwise. Every 15 min, the cumulative case counts are updated from DXY for all provinces in China and for other affected countries and regions. For countries and regions outside mainland China (including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), we found DXY cumulative case counts to frequently lag behind other sources; we therefore manually update these case numbers throughout the day when new cases are identified. To identify new cases, we monitor various Twitter feeds, online news services, and direct communication sent through the dashboard. Before manually updating the dashboard, we confirm the case numbers with regional and local health departments, including the respective centres for disease control and prevention (CDC) of China, Taiwan, and Europe, the Hong Kong Department of Health, the Macau Government, and WHO, as well as city-level and state-level health authorities. For city-level case reports in the USA, Australia, and Canada, which we began reporting on Feb 1, we rely on the US CDC, the government of Canada, the Australian Government Department of Health, and various state or territory health authorities. All manual updates (for countries and regions outside mainland China) are coordinated by a team at Johns Hopkins University. The case data reported on the dashboard aligns with the daily Chinese CDC 3 and WHO situation reports 2 for within and outside of mainland China, respectively (figure ). Furthermore, the dashboard is particularly effective at capturing the timing of the first reported case of COVID-19 in new countries or regions (appendix). With the exception of Australia, Hong Kong, and Italy, the CSSE at Johns Hopkins University has reported newly infected countries ahead of WHO, with Hong Kong and Italy reported within hours of the corresponding WHO situation report. Figure Comparison of COVID-19 case reporting from different sources Daily cumulative case numbers (starting Jan 22, 2020) reported by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE), WHO situation reports, and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese CDC) for within (A) and outside (B) mainland China. Given the popularity and impact of the dashboard to date, we plan to continue hosting and managing the tool throughout the entirety of the COVID-19 outbreak and to build out its capabilities to establish a standing tool to monitor and report on future outbreaks. We believe our efforts are crucial to help inform modelling efforts and control measures during the earliest stages of the outbreak.
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              The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China

              Moritz Kraemer, Chia-Hung Yang, Bernardo Gutiérrez … (2020)
              The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions have been undertaken to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, affected COVID-19 spread in China. We use real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation on transmission in cities across China and ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was explained well by human mobility data. Following the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Inform Med Unlocked
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Inform Med Unlocked
                Title: Informatics in Medicine Unlocked
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2352-9148
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 March 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 March 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100910
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Health Information Technology and Management, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [b ]Computer Engineering Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2352-9148(22)00060-0 Publisher ID: 100910
                DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100910
                PMC ID: 8933049
                PubMed ID: 35342788
                SO-VID: 39555b22-f306-4737-a4fb-51b383b4f5df
                Copyright © © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 11 January 2022
                Date revision received : 5 March 2022
                Date accepted : 6 March 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: dashboard,covid-19,data management
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dashboard, covid-19, data management

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