A review on the pyrolysis of algal biomass for biochar and bio-oil – Bottlenecks and scope

A preliminary classification of five macroalgae from the British Isles; Fucus vesiculosus, Chorda filum, Laminaria digitata, Fucus serratus, Laminaria hyperborea, and Macrocystis pyrifera from South America, has been presented in terms of a Van Krevelen diagram. The macroalgae have been characterised for proximate and ultimate analysis, inorganic content, and calorific value. The different options for thermal conversion and behaviour under combustion and pyrolysis have been evaluated and compared to several types of terrestrial biomass including Miscanthus, short rotation Willow coppice and Oat straw. Thermal treatment of the macroalgae has been investigated using thermogravimetry (TGA) and pyrolysis-gc-ms. Combustion behaviour is investigated using TGA in an oxidising atmosphere. The suitability of macroalgae for the different thermal processing routes is discussed. Ash chemistry restricts the use of macroalgae for direct combustion and gasification. Pyrolysis produces a range of pentosans and a significant proportion of nitrogen containing compounds. High char yields are produced.