Animal Diseases Caused by Orbiviruses, Algeria

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Abstract

Antibodies against bluetongue virus were detected in cattle, sheep, goats, and camels in Algeria in 2008. Antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus were detected in cattle, but antibodies against African horse sickness virus were not detected in horses and mules. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in northern Africa poses a major risk for the European Union.

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Bluetongue in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: history of occurrence prior to 2006.

Peter P. C. Mertens, Matthew Baylis, P Mellor … (2008)

Bluetongue virus (BTV) exists around the world in a broad band covering much of the Americas, Africa, southern Asia and northern Australia. Historically, it also occasionally occurred in the southern fringes of Europe. It is considered to be one of the most important diseases of domestic livestock. Recently BTV has extended its range northwards into areas of Europe never before affected and has persisted in many of these locations causing the greatest epizootic of bluetongue (BT), the disease caused by BTV, on record. Indeed, the most recent outbreaks of BT in Europe are further north than this virus has ever previously occurred anywhere in the world. The reasons for this dramatic change in BT epidemiology are complex but are linked to recent extensions in the distribution of its major vector, Culicoides imicola, to the involvement of novel Culicoides vector(s) and to on-going climate-change. This paper investigates these recent outbreaks in the European theatre, up to the beginning of 2006, highlights prospects for the future and sets the scene for the following papers in this special issue.

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Assessment of the productivity effects associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease in dairy herds.

N Galon, Mirjam Van Zuiden, E Ezra … (2010)

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease is caused by a Culicoides-borne Orbivirus. In cattle, the disease is characterized by reduced milk production and mortality. Recent outbreaks of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in North Africa, Israel, and Turkey increase the risk of its invasion into central and northern Europe. An outbreak of EHDV in Israel during the fall of 2006 enabled an assessment of the consequent production losses to the dairy cattle industry. Reduction in milk production and involuntary culling were modeled using a 4-yr database of monthly milk and mortality records from 48 affected and 63 unaffected herds. These indices were compared between periods of outbreak and no outbreak and assessed for various levels and exposure onset. Geospatial kriging interpolation of serological results from 127 herds was used to assess the total outbreak losses for the dairy cattle industry in Israel. Herds affected during the first, second, and third month of the outbreak (September-November) experienced an average loss of 207 (95% CI=154-261), 137 (63-211), and 52 (27-76) kg of milk/milking cow, respectively, during the outbreak period. An average excess mortality and involuntary culling of 1.47/100 cows was documented in herds affected in September. High correlation was observed between EHDV seroprevalence and milk loss; average milk loss for herds with seropositivity of 26 to 50, 51 to 75, and 76 to 100% was 84, 133, and 204 kg of milk/milking cow, respectively. A 1.42% (0.91-1.93%) increase in mortality was observed in herds with seroprevalence above 50%. Losses for the dairy cattle industry interpolated from these data were estimated at US$2,491,000 (US$1,591,000-3,391,000), an average loss of US$26.5/cow in the Israeli dairy cattle. This equals 0.55% of the average total value production of a dairy cow in Israel. This is the first study to estimate the production losses caused by EHDV or any bluetongue-like disease. 2010 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Possible spread of African horse sickness on the wind.

Dominic Tucker, D E Pedgley (1977)

Analyses of outbreaks of African horse sickness showed that movement of infected Culicoides midges on the wind was most likely responsible for the spread of the disease over the sea from Morocco to Spain in 1966, from Turkey to Cyprus in 1960, and from Senegal to the Cape Verde Islands in 1943. The pattern of spread of the epidemic in the Middle East in 1960 could have been laid down by the infected midges carried on spells of south-east winds, and analyses of outbreaks in Algeria in 1965 and India in 1960 also suggested windborne spread of the disease. Each spread occurred when the presence of virus, host and vector coincided either with a spell of winds unusual for a particular time of year (Spain, Cyprus, Cape Verde Islands and Algeria) or with a series of disturbances usual at that time of the year (Middle East and India). Inferred flight endurance of the midge varied up to at least 20 h and flight range from 40 to 700 km. Flight occurred when temperatures were likely to have been in the range of 15-25 degrees C if it was at night or 20 to about 40 degrees C if it was by day.It is suggested that likely movements of midges on the wind can be estimated from synoptic weather charts, and should be taken into account when planning control of the disease in the face of an outbreak. Such control includes a ban on movement of horses, vaccination and spraying of insecticide.The risk of spread to countries outside the endemic areas should be assessed by reference to possible wind dispersal of infected midges.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): EID

Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

ISSN (Print): 1080-6040

ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059

Publication date (Print): December 2011

Volume: 17

Issue: 12

Pages: 2325-2327

Affiliations

[1]Institut National de Médecine Vétérinaire, Algiers, Algeria (H. Madani, L. Hafsi, H. Kount-Chareb, N. Bouayed-Chaouach, H. Saadaoui);

[2]Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Barcelona, Spain (J. Casal, A. Alba, A. Allepuz, S. Napp);

[3]Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (J. Casal, A. Allepuz);

[4]Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France (C. Cetre-Sossah)

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Sebastian Napp, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; email: sebastian.napp@ 123456cresa.uab.es

Article

Publisher ID: 11-0928

DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110928

PMC ID: 3311186

PubMed ID: 22172371

SO-VID: 3a5cbf24-f16c-49da-92f7-0fadb66b1632

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Animal Diseases Caused by Orbiviruses, Algeria

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Most cited references 9

Bluetongue in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: history of occurrence prior to 2006.

Assessment of the productivity effects associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease in dairy herds.

Possible spread of African horse sickness on the wind.

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Cited by 8

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